The efficiency of indicator groups for the conservation of amphibians in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The adequate selection of indicator groups of biodiversity is an important aspect of the systematic conservation planning. However, these assessments differ in the spatial scale, in the methods used and in the groups considered to accomplish this task, which generally produces contradictory results. The quantification of the spatial congruence between species richness and complementarity among different taxonomic groups is a fundamental step to identify potential indicator groups. Using a constructive approach, the main purposes of this study were to evaluate the performance and efficiency of eight potential indicator groups representing amphibian diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Data on the geographic range of amphibian species that occur in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest was overlapped to the full geographic extent of the biome, which was divided into a regular equal-area grid. Optimization routines based on the concept of complementarily were applied to verify the performance of each indicator group selected in relation to the representativeness of the amphibians in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest as a whole, which were solved by the algorithm"simulated annealing", through the use of the software MARXAN. Some indicator groups were substantially more effective than others in regards to the representation of the taxonomic groups assessed, which was confirmed by the high significance of data (F = 312.76; p < 0.01). Leiuperidae was considered as the best indicator group among the families analyzed, as it showed a good performance, representing 71% of amphibian species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (i.e. 290 species), which may be associated with the diffuse geographic distribution of its species. This study promotes understanding of how the diversity standards of amphibians can be informative for systematic conservation planning on a regional scale.

Technological innovation in creative clusters. The case of laser in conservation of artworks in Florence

The field of laser application to the restoration and cleaning of cultural assets is amongst the most thriving developments of recent times. Ablative laser technological systems are able to clean and protect inestimable works of art subject to atmospheric agents and degradation over time. This new technology, which has been developing for the last forty year, is now available to restorers and has received a significant success all over Europe. An important contribution in the process of laser innovation has been carried out in Florence by local actors belonging to a creative cluster. The objects of the analysis are the genesis of this innovation in this local Florentine context, and the relationships among the main actors who have contributed in it. The study investigates how culture can play a part in the generation of ideas and innovations, and which are the creative environments that can favour it. In this context, the issue of laser technologies for the restoration of cultural heritage has been analysed as a case study in the various paths taken by the Creative Capacity of the Culture (CCC).

Identification and conservation of remnant genetic resources of brown trout in relict populations from Western Mediterranean streams

Brown trout is a cold-adapted freshwater species with restricted distribution to headwater streams in rivers of the South European peninsulas, where populations are highly vulnerable because Mediterranean regions are highly sensitive to the global climatic warming. Moreover, these populations are endangered due to the introgressive hybridization with cultured stocks. Individuals from six remnant populations in Western Mediterranean rivers were sequenced for the complete mitochondrial DNA control region and genotyped for 11 nuclear markers. Three different brown trout lineages were present in the studied region. Significant genetic divergence was observed among locations and a strong effect of genetic drift was suggested. An important stocking impact (close to 25%) was detected in the zone. Significant correlations between mitochondrial-based rates of hatchery introgression and water flow variation suggested a higher impact of stocked females in unstable habitats. In spite of hatchery introgression, all populations remained highly differentiated, suggesting that native genetic resources are still abundant. However, climatic predictions indicated that suitable habitats for the species in these rivers will be reduced and hence trout populations are highly endangered and vulnerable. Thus, management policies should take into account these predictions to design upstream refuge areas to protect remnant native trout in the region

Combining genetic and demographic data for the conservation of a Mediterranean habitat-forming species

The integration of ecological and evolutionary data is highly valuable for conservation planning. However, it has been rarely used in the marine realm, where the adequate design of marine protected areas (MPAs) is urgently needed. Here, we examined the interacting processes underlying the patterns of genetic structure and demographic strucuture of a highly vulnerable Mediterranean habitat-forming species (i.e. Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826)), with particular emphasis on the processes of contemporary dispersal, genetic drift, and colonization of a new population. Isolation by distance and genetic discontinuities were found, and three genetic clusters were detected; each submitted to variations in the relative impact of drift and gene flow. No founder effect was found in the new population. The interplay of ecology and evolution revealed that drift is strongly impacting the smallest, most isolated populations, where partial mortality of individuals was highest. Moreover, the eco-evolutionary analyses entailed important conservation implications for P. clavata. Our study supports the inclusion of habitat-forming organisms in the design of MPAs and highlights the need to account for genetic drift in the development of MPAs. Moreover, it reinforces the importance of integrating genetic and demographic data in marine conservation.

La Incidencia de la helada de 1956 en el olivar de Navata (Alt Empordà, Girona)

In the region of Alt Empordà (Girona), olive groves historically shaped a landscape of high economic value, cultural and environmental although since mid-twentieth century is in sharp decline. One of the municipalities located on the edge of the plana altoampurdanesa that best exemplify this process of abandonment and near disappearance of that crop is Navata. This article analyzes the changes in the olive grove of this municipality in the period 1957-2004, both through the development of mapping land use and land cover level of detail as the analysis of data sources and oral exercise that makes emphasizes the loss of 90% of the existing olive grove in the middle of last century. The frost of February of 1956 was one of the main causes, but not unique. However, both the importance of the olive groves as an identity and conservation of biodiversity as the differential nature of the oil obtained from varieties natives to the area (especially argudell), justify the need to promote policies that will help your recovery

Propuesta de cursos de capacitación sobre lecciones aprendidas en Costa Rica

El presente proyecto ha sido realizado entre Octubre de 2013 y Febrero de 2014 por un equipo de estudiantes de la licenciatura de Ciencias Ambientales de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. El objeto de estudio es la propuesta de cursos para la formación de tres públicos diferentes, estudiantes, gestores y políticos. Estos cursos se basan en la experiencia de Costa Rica sobre la conservación de la biodiversidad. Costa Rica es un país muy rico en biodiversidad por su clima y sus tierras volcánicas. Una manera de conservar esta gran variedad de especies es protegiendo gran parte del país con reservas y parques nacionales. La metodología utilizada para llevar a cabo estos cursos es la investigación. Recopilar información de las diferentes carencias de distintos países, propuestas pedagógicas para saber mostrar de manera correcta la información a cada público meta y basarlos en el cumplimiento de las Metas Aichi, que tratan de mantener la biodiversidad de manera que contribuya al bienestar de la población. La intención de estos cursos es enseñar a los distintos públicos meta las experiencias positivas que ha tenido Costa Rica para poder desarrollarse tanto en crecimiento económico como de la población conservando su biodiversidad. De manera que en otros países puedan aprender y a la misma vez beneficiarse con las ideas propuestas en los cursos. El curso propuesto para estudiantes trata sobre los servicios ecosistémicos, reconocidos internacionalmente por su empeño en la conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad. El dirigido a gestores, que pueden ser empresarios, es sobre la mejora de la calidad de las aguas, un punto importante para este público que serán los encargados de gestionar este recurso tan importante para mantener en buen estado de conservación la biodiversidad. Finalmente, se propone un curso dirigido a políticos, donde se explica la idea de bioprospección, un tema que se trabaja en el Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica y trata de investigar en los organismos que aportan beneficios tanto económicos como en la salud de las personas.

Anàlisi socio-ambiental de les bordes de la Vall d'Estaon (Pallars Sobirà) i de la biodiversitat associada

Aquest projecte ha estat desenvolupat entre l’octubre de 2008 i el juliol de 2009 per un equip d’estudiants de Ciències Ambientals de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. L’objecte d’estudi principal han estat les bordes, construccions agroramaderes utilitzades tradicionalment per a emmagatzemar l’herba i estabular-hi el bestiar. D’altra banda, pel que fa la biodiversitat, s’ha realitzat un estudi de la vegetació de pedra seca, i una primera aproximació a l’estudi dels rat-penats, espècies protegides que utilitzen les bordes com a refugi. L’àmbit d’estudi ha estat la Vall d'Estaon dins el municipi de Vall de Cardós, a la comarca del Pallars Sobirà, Catalunya. Tota la superfície d’estudi es troba dins de l’àmbit del Parc Natural de l’Alt Pirineu (PNAP) i, per tant, sota la seva protecció. Per a la realització d’aquest estudi, s’ha utilitzat la metodologia emprada en el projecte del Bosc de Virós (Mestres et al.,2007). S’elabora un inventari de bordes i un altre de biodiversitat a partir de les dades recopilades amb la observació al camp i es realitzen entrevistes als gestors de la zona, antics i nous propietaris. En l’anàlisi dels resultats, s’observa que les bordes han perdut la seva funcionalitat tradicional i moltes d’elles s’han abandonat. Aquests fets provoquen la degradació d’aquestes construccions i la conseqüent pèrdua de patrimoni. D’altra banda la idea de recuperar les activitats tradicionals esdevé poc realista i es combina amb la impossibilitat d’aplicar nous usos per la protecció que exerceix la figura de Parc Natural. Així doncs, les bordes es troben enmig d’una situació estàtica i paradoxal entre la voluntat i desig de conservació i l'imminent i accelerat procés d’abandonament i degradació.