Who Cares? A comparison of informal and formal care provision in Spain, England and the USA

This paper investigates the prevalence of incapacity in performing daily activities and the associations between household composition and availability of family members and receipt of care among older adults with functioning problems in Spain, England and the United States of America (USA). We examine how living arrangements, marital status, child availability, limitations in functioning ability, age and gender affect the probability of receiving formal care and informal care from household members and from others in three countries with different family structures, living arrangements and policies supporting care of the incapacitated. Data sources include the 2006 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe for Spain, the third wave of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2006), and the eighth wave of the USA Health and Retirement Study (2006). Logistic and multinomial logistic regressions are used to estimate the probability of receiving care and the sources of care among persons age 50 and older. The percentage of people with functional limitations receiving care is higher in Spain. More care comes from outside the household in the USA and England than in Spain. The use of formal care among the incapacitated is lowest in the USA and highest in Spain.

Meaning of the λ parameter of skew–normal and log–skew normal distributions in fluid geochemistry

The literature related to skew–normal distributions has grown rapidly in recent yearsbut at the moment few applications concern the description of natural phenomena withthis type of probability models, as well as the interpretation of their parameters. Theskew–normal distributions family represents an extension of the normal family to whicha parameter (λ) has been added to regulate the skewness. The development of this theoreticalfield has followed the general tendency in Statistics towards more flexible methodsto represent features of the data, as adequately as possible, and to reduce unrealisticassumptions as the normality that underlies most methods of univariate and multivariateanalysis. In this paper an investigation on the shape of the frequency distribution of thelogratio ln(Cl−/Na+) whose components are related to waters composition for 26 wells,has been performed. Samples have been collected around the active center of Vulcanoisland (Aeolian archipelago, southern Italy) from 1977 up to now at time intervals ofabout six months. Data of the logratio have been tentatively modeled by evaluating theperformance of the skew–normal model for each well. Values of the λ parameter havebeen compared by considering temperature and spatial position of the sampling points.Preliminary results indicate that changes in λ values can be related to the nature ofenvironmental processes affecting the data

Acoustic transport of charge and spins in GaAs-based heterostructures

Report for the scientific sojourn carried out at the Paul Drude Institut für Festkörperelektronik of the Stanford University, USA, from 2010 to 2012. The objective of this project is the transport and control of electronic charge and spin along GaAs-based semiconductor heterostructures. The electronic transport has been achieved by taking advantage of the piezolectric field induced by surface acoustic waves in non-centrosymmetric materials like GaAs. This piezolectric field separates photogenerated electrons and holes at different positions along the acoustic wave, where they acummulate and are transported at the same velocity as the wave. Two different kinds of structures have been studied: quantum wells grown along the (110) direction, both intrinsic and n-doped, as well as GaAs nanowires. The analysis of the charge acoustic transport was performed by micro-photoluminescence, whereas the detection of the spin transport was done either by analyzing the polarization state of the emitted photoluminescence or by Kerr reflectometry. Our results in GaAs quantum wells show that charge and spin transport is clearly observed at the non-doped structures,obtaining spin lifetimes of the order of several nanoseconds, whereas no acoutically induced spin transport was detected for the n-doped quantum wells. In the GaAs nanowires, we were able of transporting successfully both electrons and holes along the nanowire axis, but no conservation of the spin polarization has been observed until now. The photoluminescence emitted by these structures after acoustic transport, however, shows anti-bunching characteristics, making this system a very good candidate for its use as single photon emitters.