The Phenomenon of international new ventures, global start-ups, and born-globals: what do we know after a decade (1993-2002) of exhaustive scientific inquiry?

In this paper, 27 studies from the last decade which deal more or less explicitly with the International New Venture, global start-up or born-global phenomenon are first identified, and then fully examined and critically assessed as a basis for obtaining an adequate view of the state-of-the-art of this increasingly important research avenue in the field of International Entrepreneurship (IE). The methodology used for this synthetic review allow us to analyze a number of recent, purposefully-chosen studies that are systematically compared along the following criteria: 1) main objective and type of research; 2) theoretical framework/s of reference, 3) methodological issues, and 4) main findings and/or conclusions. As a result of this literature review, a critical assessment follows in which the most relevant benefits and contributions as well as potential drawbacks, limitations or major discrepancies in the research activities conducted so far are discussed. Finally, some suggestions and implications are provided in the form of future research directions.

Retribution in a cheap-talk experiment

We use a two-person 3-stage game to investigate whether people choose to punish or reward another player by sacrificing money to increase or decrease the other person’s payoff. One player sends a message indicating an intended play, which is either favorable or unfavorable to the other player in the game. After the message, the sender and the receiver play a simultaneous 2x2 game. A deceptive message may be made, in an effort to induce the receiver to make a play favorable to the sender. Our focus is on whether receivers’ rates of monetary sacrifice depend on the process and the perceived sender’s intention, as is suggested by the literature on deception and procedural satisfaction. Models such as Rabin (1993), Sen (1997), and Charness and Rabin (1999) also permit rates of sacrifice to be sensitive to the sender’s perceived intention, while outcome-based models such as Fehr and Schmidt (1999) and Bolton and Ockenfels (1997) predict otherwise. We find that deception substantially increases the punishment rate as a response to an action that is unfavorable to the receiver. We also find that a small but significant percentage of subjects choose to reward a favorable action choice made by the sender.

Forward induction and the excess capacity puzzle: An experimental investigation.

While the theoretical industrial organization literature has long argued that excess capacity can be used to deter entry into markets, there is little empirical evidence that incumbent firms effectively behave in this way. Bagwell and Ramey (1996) propose a game with a specific sequence of moves and partially-recoverable capacity costs in which forward induction provides a theoretical rationalization for firm behavior in the field. We conduct an experiment with a game inspired by their work. In our data the incumbent tends to keep the market, in contrast to what the forward induction argument of Bagwell and Ramey would suggest. The results indicate that players perceive that the first mover has an advantage without having to pre-commit capacity. In our game, evolution and learning do not drive out this perception. We back these claims with data analysis, a theoretical framework for dynamics, and simulation results.

Do market conditions affect gift exchange? Evidence from experimental markets with excess supply and excess demand

We study whether people's behavior in unbalanced gift exchange markets with repeated interaction are affected by whether they are on the excess supply side or the excess demand side of the market. Our analysis is based on the comparison of behavior between two types of experimental gift exchange markets, which vary only with respect to whether first or second movers are on the long side of the market. The direction of market imbalance could influence subjects' behavior, as second movers (workers) might react differently to favorable actions by first movers (firms) in the two cases. While our data show strong deviations from the standard game-theoretic prediction, we find mainly secondary treatment effects. Wage offers are not higher when there is an excess supply of firms, and workers do not respond more favorably to a given wage when there is an excess supply of labor. The state of competition does not appear to have strong effects in our data. We also present data from single-period sessions that show substantial gift exchange even without repeated interactions.

Fair procedures. Evidence from games involving lotteries

Procedural fairness plays a prominent role in the social discourse concerning the marketplace in particular, and social institutions in general. Random procedures are a simple case, and they have found application in several important social allocation decisions. We investigate random procedures in the laboratory. We find that an unbiased random procedure is an acceptable substitute for an unbiased allocation: similar patterns of acceptance and rejection result when either is inserted as a feasible proposal in a sequential battle-of-the-sexes. We also find that unbiasedness, known to be a crucial characteristic of allocation fairness, is important to procedural fairness: in the context of a random offer game, a biased outcome is more readily accepted when chosen by an unbiased random draw than by one that is biased. Procedural fairness is conceptually different than allocation fairness or attribution-based behavior, and none of the current models of fairness and reciprocity captures our results. Post hoc extension of one of these models (ERC) suggests that a deeper understanding of procedural fairness requires further investigation of competing fairness norms.

Calibración TLR y LRM en MATLAB para medidas con guías de onda

En este proyecto, lo primero que hemos hecho ha sido desarrollar un algoritmo en Matlab que implementara el método de calibración TRL, el funcionamiento del cual hemos comprobado en primera instancia mediante simulaciones y, posteriormente, mediante un ejemplo real. Posteriormente, hemos desarrollado otro algoritmo en Matlab para implementar el método de calibración LRM. Este algoritmo sólo lo hemos podido comprobar a nivel de simulación. A continuación, mediante los dos algoritmos, hemos realizado una comparación entre ambos sistemas de calibración a través de simulaciones. Finalmente, analizando los resultados de varias simulaciones calibradas con nuestro programa del método TRL, hemos buscado cuáles pueden ser los motivos para la aparición de picos indeseados y hemos encontrado uno de ellos.

La biblioteca digital com a lloc

L'objectiu d'aquest estudi és presentar una investigació d'alt nivell sobre el contínuum físico-conceptual que ocupen tant les biblioteques digitals com les biblioteques físiques.

Pathology and immune response of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) after an exposure to the harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum

The harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum has different effects upon various species of grazing bivalves, and these effects also vary with life-history stage. Possible effects of this dinoflagellate upon mussels have not been reported; therefore, experiments exposing adult blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, to P. minimum were conducted. Mussels were exposed to cultures of toxic P. minimum or benign Rhodomonas sp. in glass aquaria. After a short period of acclimation, samples were collected on day 0 (before the exposure) and after 3, 6, and 9 days of continuous-exposure experiment. Hemolymph was extracted for flow-cytometric analyses of hemocyte, immune-response functions, and soft tissues were excised for histopathology. Mussels responded to P. minimum exposure with diapedesis of hemocytes into the intestine, presumably to isolate P. minimum cells within the gut, thereby minimizing damage to other tissues. This immune response appeared to have been sustained throughout the 9-day exposure period, as circulating hemocytes retained hematological and functional properties. Bacteria proliferated in the intestines of the P. minimum-exposed mussels. Hemocytes within the intestine appeared to be either overwhelmed by the large number of bacteria or fully occupied in the encapsulating response to P. minimum cells; when hemocytes reached the intestine lumina, they underwent apoptosis and bacterial degradation. This experiment demonstrated that M. edulis is affected by ingestion of toxic P. minimum; however, the specific responses observed in the blue mussel differed from those reported for other bivalve species. This finding highlights the need to study effects of HABs on different bivalve species, rather than inferring that results from one species reflect the exposure responses of all bivalves.

Experimental exposure of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis, L.) to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense: Histopathology, immune responses, and recovery

Mussels (Mytilus edulis) were exposed to cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense or the non-toxic alga Rhodomonas sp. to evaluate the effects of the harmful alga on the mussels and to study recovery after discontinuation of the A. fundyense exposure. Mussels were exposed for 9 days to the different algae and then all were fed Rhodomonas sp. for 6 more days. Samples of hemolymph for hemocyte analyses and tissues for histology were collected before the exposure and periodically during exposure and recovery periods. Mussels filtered and ingested both microalgal cultures, producing fecal pellets containing degraded, partially degraded, and intact cells of both algae. Mussels exposed to A. fundyense had an inflammatory response consisting of degranulation and diapedesis of hemocytes into the alimentary canal and, as the exposure continued, hemocyte migration into the connective tissue between the gonadal follicles. Evidence of lipid peroxidation, similar to the detoxification pathway described for various xenobiotics, was found; insoluble lipofuchsin granules formed (ceroidosis), and hemocytes carried the granules to the alimentary canal, thus eliminating putative dinoflagellate toxins in feces. As the number of circulating hemocytes in A. fundyense-exposed mussels became depleted, mussels were immunocompromised, and pathological changes followed, i.e., increased prevalences of ceroidosis and trematodes after 9 days of exposure. Moreover, the total number of pathological changes increased from the beginning of the exposure until the last day (day 9). After 6 days of the exposure, mussels in one of the three tanks exposed to A. fundyense mass spawned; these mussels showed more severe effects of the toxic algae than non-spawning mussels exposed to A. fundyense. No significant differences were found between the two treatments during the recovery period, indicating rapid homeostatic processes in tissues and circulating hemocytes.

Modelado de una cámara de onda milimétrica

En aquest projecte s'ha dissenyat i simulat una càmera d'ones mil·limètriques mitjançant "Spinning Reflectors" amb l'objectiu d'estudiar la qualitat de les imatges obtingudes, així com determinar la configuració de reflectors acceptable per a la nostra càmera. Per al seu disseny, s'ha realitzat el model d'una antena Cassegrain amb botzina alimentadora a FEKO i s'han simulat els diagrames de radiació corresponents als diferents angles de rotació d'ambdós reflectors al voltant de l'eix en el qual estan situats. Finalment, a partir del principi de funcionament de la nostra càmera, s'ha exposat la seva implementació física i s'ha representat en Matlab la seva PSF (Point Spread Function) i la imatge d'un objecte arbitrari d'acord amb les tècniques de formació d'imatges.

Let's talk: how communication affects contract design

We study experimentally how the ability to communicate affects the frequency and effectiveness of flexible and inflexible contracts in a bilateral trade context where sellers can adjust trade quality after observing a post-contractual cost shock and a discretionary buyer transfer. In the absence of communication, we find that rigid contracts are more frequent and lead to higher earnings for both buyer and seller. By contrast, in the presence of communication, flexible contracts are much more frequent and considerably more productive, both for buyers and sellers. Also, both buyer and seller earn considerably more from flexible with communication than rigid without communication. Our results show quite strongly that communication, a normal feature in contracting, can remove the potential cost of flexibility (disagreements caused by conflicting perceptions). We offer an explanation based on social norms.

El Sector turístic a les Illes Balears

Viatjar, conèixer noves cultures, endinsar-se en aventures inoblidables,descobrir noves experiències... Aquestes són tan sols algunes de lesmotivacions que impulsen als éssers humans a dur a terme una deles activitats més importants al nostre país i sobretot a les Illes Balears: el turisme.Però, és aquesta activitat beneficiosa per totes les parts? Es tracta d’unaactivitat respectuosa amb el medi ambient? És el turisme, avui dia, el principalmotor de l’economia balear? En què consisteix això que en diuen turismesostenible? Existeix aquest turisme a les Illes?Preguntes com aquestes són les que ens hem plantejat a l’hora de realitzaraquest estudi i a les quals intentarem donar resposta al llarg del nostre treball.Aquestes qüestions van més enllà de preguntes merament teòriques ja quesón realment preocupants pel govern i residents Balears. Per aquesta raó varemescollir desenvolupar aquest tema, amb el clar objectiu de fer palès fins quin puntés perjudicial continuar amb la tendència turística de sol i platja d’aquests últimsanys. Dos dels membres de l’equip han viscut en primera persona lesconseqüències d’aquest tipus de turisme a les Illes Balears, motiu que ens haincentivat a l’hora de buscar alternatives per poder conservar tot allò quecaracteritza aquesta comunitat autònoma, que a la llarga d’aquests anys s’haanat degradant.Sota les perspectives d’entendre la importància del turisme, la seva estructurai el seu funcionament, hem cregut necessari introduir diversos punts que ens hanpermès crear alternatives que combinin cultura, medi ambient i turisme.La primera etapa del nostre treball ha estat la que podríem denominar fased’anàlisi. En aquesta, hem realitzat una investigació sobre la importància que téactualment el turisme a les Balears. Hem cregut oportú definir el concepte desostenibilitat per tal d’aplicar-lo millor al sector turístic i seguidament identificar enquina situació es troba aquest sector a les Illes, veient les coincidències amb elmodel de Butler.Un cop fet l’anàlisi i situats en el context s’ha procedit a plantejar la hipòtesisdel treball, completant-la amb un anàlisi DAFO.Per poder oferir altres possibilitats ens calia saber quin era el perfil de turistaque visita cada illa i exemplificar-ho amb un hotel concret de l’illa de Menorca.Una vegada finalitzat això i observant els resultats, s’ha proposat unturisme alternatiu al que existeix actualment, amb la finalitat de que aquestaelecció no hipotequi les generacions futures.Amb la intenció d’assolir aquest objectiu, hem elaborat un paquet turísticsota la idea de sostenibilitat que alhora s’adeqüi al perfil del visitant de les Illes deMenorca i Eivissa analitzat prèviament.Dit això, convidem al lector a descobrir el sector turístic de les IllesBalears...OBJECTIUS DEL TREBALLAmb la finalitat de facilitar la lectura i la comprensió del nostre treball hemcregut adient afegir aquest punt on especifiquem de forma sistemàtica elsobjectius d’aquest.L’objectiu principal del treball és donar un nou enfocament al turismebalear, és a dir, crear un turisme sostenible que permeti conservar tant elpatrimoni cultural com natural. El que es pretén fer amb l’anàlisi i els diferentsestudis és demostrar que el turisme de les Illes es troba en una fased’estancament. És per això que hem mirat en quina etapa del model de Butler estroba el sector turístic de les Illes i hem intentat esbrinar el perquè, per poderoferir altres alternatives.Un cop vist que ens trobem en una fase d’estancament, hem procedit al’elaboració de dos paquets turístics sostenibles per les Illes d’Eivissa i Menorca.Concretament hem volgut oferir l’alternativa en aquestes dues Illes perquè són lesque pateixen més l’estacionalitat de manera que és també una proposta peracabar amb aquest problema, a banda d’oferir altres activitats al turista.Cal dir però, que amb aquestes alternatives que oferim no pretenemeliminar percomplet el turisme de sol i platja. Som conscients de que l’afluènciade visitants es deu en gran part al clima i medi ambient que ofereixen les Illes.Per això, ens veiem obligats a relacionar turisme i medi ambient, ja que si volemconservar l’afluència de turistes, hem de conservar primerament el medi.

Optimal Contracts, Adverse Selection, and Social Preferences: An Experiment

It has long been standard in agency theory to search for incentive-compatible mechanisms on the assumption that people care only about their own material wealth. However, this assumption is clearly refuted by numerous experiments, and we feel that it may be useful to consider nonpecuniary utility in mechanism design and contract theory. Accordingly, we devise an experiment to explore optimal contracts in an adverse-selection context. A principal proposes one of three contract menus, each of which offers a choice of two incentive-compatible contracts, to two agents whose types are unknown to the principal. The agents know the set of possible menus, and choose to either accept one of the two contracts offered in the proposed menu or to reject the menu altogether; a rejection by either agent leads to lower (and equal) reservation payoffs for all parties. While all three possible menus favor the principal, they do so to varying degrees. We observe numerous rejections of the more lopsided menus, and approach an equilibrium where one of the more equitable contract menus (which one depends on the reservation payoffs) is proposed and agents accept a contract, selecting actions according to their types. Behavior is largely consistent with all recent models of social preferences, strongly suggesting there is value in considering nonpecuniary utility in agency theory.

Altruism, Equity, and Reciprocity in a Gift-Exchange Experiment: An Encompassing Approach

Considerable experimental evidence suggests that non-pecuniary motives must be addressed when modeling behavior in economic contexts. Recent models of non-pecuniary motives can be classified as either altruism- based, equity-based, or reciprocity-based. We estimate and compare leading approaches in these categories, using experimental data. We then offer a flexible approach that nests the above three approaches, thereby allowing for nested hypothesis testing and for determining the relative strength of each of the competing theories. In addition, the encompassing approach provides a functional form for utility in different settings without the restrictive nature of the approaches nested within it. Using this flexible form for nested tests, we find that intentional reciprocity, distributive concerns, and altruistic considerations all play a significant role in players' decisions.