Enhanced Botrytis cinerea resistance of Arabidopsis plants grown in compost may be explained by increased expression of defense-related genes, as revealed by microarray analysis

Composts are the products obtained after the aerobic degradation of different types of organic matter waste and can be used as substrates or substrate/soil amendments for plant cultivation. There is a small but increasing number of reports that suggest that foliar diseases may be reduced when using compost, rather than standard substrates, as growing medium. The purpose of this study was to examine the gene expression alteration produced by the compost to gain knowledge of the mechanisms involved in compost-induced systemic resistance. A compost from olive marc and olive tree leaves was able to induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis, unlike the standard substrate, perlite. Microarray analyses revealed that 178 genes were differently expressed, with a fold change cut-off of 1, of which 155 were up-regulated and 23 were down-regulated in compost-grown, as against perlite-grown plants. A functional enrichment study of up-regulated genes revealed that 38 Gene Ontology terms were significantly enriched. Response to stress, biotic stimulus, other organism, bacterium, fungus, chemical and abiotic stimulus, SA and ABA stimulus, oxidative stress, water, temperature and cold were significantly enriched, as were immune and defense responses, systemic acquired resistance, secondary metabolic process and oxireductase activity. Interestingly, PR1 expression, which was equally enhanced by growing the plants in compost and by B. cinerea inoculation, was further boosted in compost-grown pathogen-inoculated plants. Compost triggered a plant response that shares similarities with both systemic acquired resistance and ABA-dependent/independent abiotic stress responses.

Lactic acid bacteria from fresh fruit and vegetables as biocontrol agents of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi

This study evaluated the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables as biocontrol agents against the phytopathogenic and spoilage bacteria and fungi, Xanthomonas campestris, Erwinia carotovora, Penicillium expansum, Monilinia laxa, and Botrytis cinerea. The antagonistic activity of 496 LAB strains was tested in vitro and all tested microorganisms except P. expansum were inhibited by at least one isolate. The 496 isolates were also analyzed for the inhibition of P. expansum infection in wounds of Golden Delicious apples. Four strains (TC97, AC318, TM319, and FF441) reduced the fungal rot diameter of the apples by 20%; only Weissella cibaria strain TM128 decreased infection levels by 50%. Cell-free supernatants of selected antagonistic bacteria were studied to determine the nature of the antimicrobial compounds produced. Organic acids were the preferred mediators of inhibition but hydrogen peroxide was also detected when strains BC48, TM128, PM141 and FF441 were tested against E. carotovora. While previous reports of antifungal activity by LAB are scarce, our results support the potential of LAB as biocontrol agents against postharvest rot. [Int Microbiol 2008; 11(4):231-236]

Simultaneous Evaluation of Intact Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds by UPLC-DAD-MS/MS in Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis

A method for the simultaneous determination of intact glucosinolates and main phenolic compounds (flavonoids and sinapic acid derivatives) in Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis was proposed. A simplified sample extraction procedure and a UPLC separation were carried out to reduce the total time of analysis. Brassica oleracea samples were added with internal standards (glucotropaeolin and rutin), and extracted with boiling methanol. Crude extracts were evaporated under nitrogen, redissolved in mobile phase and analyzed by UPLC with double detection (ESI--MRM for glucosinolates and flavonoids, and DAD for main sinapic acid derivatives). The proposed method allowed a satisfactory quantification of main native sinapic acid derivatives, flavonoids and glucosinolates with a reduced time of analysis.

Los materiales de Juglans para la producción de madera. Las actividades de selección desarrolladas en el IRTA

El nogal, J. regia L., es una especie muy extendida en todos los países del mediterráneo en los que aparece diseminado en condiciones muy diferentes de medio. Su madera tiene una calidad ampliamente reconocida desde el siglo XIV, cuando se empezó a extender el uso de los muebles en Europa. Actualmente, se sigue utilizando en la fabricación de muebles, especialmente para chapados de calidad, pero también tiene otros usos entre ellos el más conocido es el de la fabricación de culatas de escopeta de caza. En estos momentos, bajo el nombre de madera de nogal se incluyen las maderas de diferentes especies de Juglans, entre ellas el J. nigra, el J. cinerea y también la de los híbridos entre distintos Juglans. Las especies de Juglans se encuentran mayoritariamente en América, donde se distribuyen de norte a sur 17 especies diferentes, entre ellas J. nigra en el noreste de EE.UU y J. cinerea entre EE.UU y Canadá, las dos de mayor interés forestal. En Asia, particularmente en China, se encuentran especies de nogales grises, junto a J. regia, el nogal común, que se extendió desde Asia central hacia el este y hacia el oeste, llegando a Europa antes de la última glaciación. Desde la antigüedad, ésta ha sido la especie de Juglans que mayor interés ha despertado y actualmente se halla cultivada en todas las áreas de clima templado del mundo. Entre las demás especies, sólo J. nigra se ha difundido fuera de su zona de origen, a algunas áreas determinadas de Europa central, por su interés forestal.