La tipicidad de las detenciones ilegales policiales. Revisión crítica de la aplicación jurisprudencial de los arts. 167 y 530 del Código Penal

Es difícil encontrar en el Código penal español una regulación tan deficiente y confusa de una serie de conductas delictivas tan relevantes para el funcionamiento del Estado de Derecho como es la relativa a las detenciones ilegales cometidas por funcionario público que se prevé en los arts. 167 y 530. Lejos de hallar criterios jurisprudenciales satisfactorios que reconduzcan, en la medida de lo posible, la situación se advierte que el caos se ha instalado en buena medida en las resoluciones de los tribunales. En este trabajo se describe la situación y se propone una revisión general de los criterios interpretativos de los tipos en cuestión con el fin de dotarlos de mayor coherencia y certeza en su aplicación.

Quantitative developmental response to the length of exposure to long photoperiod in wheat and barley

The present study was designed to analyse the effect of the length of exposure to a long photoperiod imposed c. 3 weeks after sowing in spring wheat (cv. UQ189) and barley (cv. Arapiles) to (i) establish whether the response to the number of cycles of exposure is quantitative or qualitative, (ii) determine the existence of a commitment to particular stages well before the stage has been observable, and (iii) study the interrelationships between the effects on final leaf number and phyllochron when the stimulus is provided several days after seedling emergence. Both wheat and barley seemed to respond quantitatively to the number of long-day cycles they were exposed to. However, wheat showed a requirement of approximately 4 long-day cycles to be able to produce a significant response in time to heading. The barley cultivar used in the study was responsive to the minimum length of exposure. The response to extended photoperiod cycles during the stem elongation phase was due to the ‘ memory’ photoperiod effects being related, in the case of wheat, to the fact that the pre-terminal spikelet appearance phase saturated its photoperiod response well before that stage was reached. Therefore, the commitment to the terminal spikelet appearance in wheat may be reached well before this stage could be recognized. As the response in duration to heading exceeded that of the final leaf number, and the stem elongation phase responded to memory effects of photoperiod, the phyllochron of both cereals was responsive to the treatments accelerating the average phyllochron when exposed to longer periods of long days. The response in average phyllochron was due to a switch from bi-linear to linear models of leaf number v. time when the conditions were increasingly inductive, with the phyllochron of the initial (6–8) leaves being similar for all treatments (within each species), and from then on increased.