The first SEPServer event catalogue 68-MeV solar proton events observed at 1 AU in 1996-2010

SEPServer is a three-year collaborative project funded by the seventh framework programme (FP7-SPACE) of the European Union. The objective of the project is to provide access to state-of-the-art observations and analysis tools for the scientific community on solar energetic particle (SEP) events and related electromagnetic (EM) emissions. The project will eventually lead to better understanding of the particle acceleration and transport processes at the Sun and in the inner heliosphere. These processes lead to SEP events that form one of the key elements of space weather. In this paper we present the first results from the systematic analysis work performed on the following datasets: SOHO/ERNE, SOHO/EPHIN, ACE/EPAM, Wind/WAVES and GOES X-rays. A catalogue of SEP events at 1 AU, with complete coverage over solar cycle 23, based on high-energy (~68-MeV) protons from SOHO/ERNE and electron recordings of the events by SOHO/EPHIN and ACE/EPAM are presented. A total of 115 energetic particle events have been identified and analysed using velocity dispersion analysis (VDA) for protons and time-shifting analysis (TSA) for electrons and protons in order to infer the SEP release times at the Sun. EM observations during the times of the SEP event onset have been gathered and compared to the release time estimates of particles. Data from those events that occurred during the European day-time, i.e., those that also have observations from ground-based observatories included in SEPServer, are listed and a preliminary analysis of their associations is presented. We find that VDA results for protons can be a useful tool for the analysis of proton release times, but if the derived proton path length is out of a range of 1 AU < s[3 AU, the result of the analysis may be compromised, as indicated by the anti-correlation of the derived path length and release time delay from the asso ciated X-ray flare. The average path length derived from VDA is about 1.9 times the nominal length of the spiral magnetic field line. This implies that the path length of first-arriving MeV to deka-MeV protons is affected by interplanetary scattering. TSA of near-relativistic electrons results in a release time that shows significant scatter with respect to the EM emissions but with a trend of being delayed more with increasing distance between the flare and the nominal footpoint of the Earth-connected field line.

Spectral analysis of the angular distribution function of back reflectors for thin film silicon solar cells

Nowadays, one of the most important challenges to enhance the efficiency of thin film silicon solar cells is to increase the short circuit intensity by means of optical confinement methods, such as textured back-reflector structures. In this work, two possible textured structures to be used as back reflectors for n-i-p solar cells have been optically analyzed and compared to a smooth one by using a system which is able to measure the angular distribution function (ADF) of the scattered light in a wide spectral range (350-1000 nm). The accurate analysis of the ADF data corresponding to the reflector structures and to the μc-Si:H films deposited onto them allows the optical losses due to the reflector absorption and its effectiveness in increasing light absorption in the μc-Si:H layer, mainly at long wavelengths, to be quantified.

Optimization of KOH etching process to obtain textured substrates suitable for heterojunction solar cells fabricated by HWCVD

In this work, we have studied the texturization process of (100) c-Si wafers using a low concentration potassium hydroxide solution in order to obtain good quality textured wafers. The optimization of the etching conditions have led to random but uniform pyramidal structures with good optical properties. Then, symmetric heterojunctions were deposited by Hot-Wire CVD onto these substrates and the Quasi-Steady-State PhotoConductance technique was used to measure passivation quality. Little degradation in the effective lifetime and implicit open circuit voltage of these devices (< 20 mV) was observed in all cases. It is especially remarkable that for big uniform pyramids, the open-circuit voltage is comparable to the values obtained on flat substrates.

Optical analysis of textured plastic substrates to be used in thin silicon solar cells

Light confinement strategies in thin-film silicon solar cells play a crucial role in the performance of the devices. In this work, the possible use of Ag-coated stamped polymers as reflectors to be used in n-i-p solar cells is studied. Different random roughnesses (nanometer and micrometer size) have been transferred on poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) by hot embossing. Morphological and optical analyses of masters, stamped polymers and reflectors have been carried out evidencing a positive surface transference on the polymer and the viability of a further application in solar cells.

Pisolitos ferruginosos en el Mioceno inferior-medio de Mallorca.

El registro sedimentario Burdigaliense-Langhiense de Mallorca refleja el relleno de pequeños surcos de antepaís que se generaron por subsidencia flexural frente al orógeno bético. Este registro sinorogénico incluye una unidad inferior que caracteriza la sedimentación en una plataforma marina somera (Fm. Sant Elm) y otra superior turbidítica (Fm. Banyalbufar). En el límite entre ambas unidades se ha reconocido, en la zona central de la isla, la existencia de un nivel de pisolitos ferruginosos de menos de 20 cm de potencia. Los pisolitos llegan a superar los 6 mm de diámetro, son esféricos y están constituidos casi exclusivamente por delgadas envueltas concéntricas de goethita, aunque en los pisolitos de mayor tamaño alguna envuelta es de calcita. La posición estratigráfica del nivel de pinolitos coincide, aproximadamente, con el límite entre las dos unidades anteriormente citadas, localizándose inmediatamente antes del inicio de la sedimentación turbidítica, y se correspondería con el máximo transgresivo en la cuenca marina. Tanto el vulcanismo Burdigaliense que ha sido reconocido en la zona como la removilización de suelos lateríticos en relación con la transgresión marina pudieron haber actuado como fuentes suministradoras del hierro.

Datos sobre las comunidades terofiticas de las llanuras del Ebro medio

En el curso de nuestros estudios sobre la vegetación de las zonas esteparias de la depresión del Ebro, que empezamos en 1948 y hemos proseguido desde entonces de modo regular, se nos han mostrado numerosas comunidades antes desconocidas y hemos podido observar una cantidad considerable de hechos interesantes. La descripción detallada de los mismos vendrá dada en la memoria que tenemos en curso de .redacción y que, según esperamos, va a aparecer dentro de poco tiempo. Ahora sólo deseamos exponer sucintamente algunos hechos notables referentes al carácter y biología de las comunidades terofíticas que tan gran importancia alcanzan en el tapiz vegetal de aquellas tierras.

Sobre la generacion de sismogramas sinteticos en un medio semiinfinito

En base a un estudio sobre el modelado de la generación, transmisión y registro de seismos se ha construido un paquete de programas que permite la generación de sismogramas sintéticos en un medio semiinfinito a partir de cuatro tipos principales de fuentes canónicas. válidas para simular un amplio espectro de mecanismos focales.

Morfología de las colonias de briozoos en relación con la hidrodinámica del medio sedimentario

La formación de arenas y calcarenitas bioclásticas de la base de la transgresión tortoniense en Alhama de Granada contiene varios tipos de formas coloniales y de acúmulos de briozoos de características peculiares, nuevas o poco conocidas. Una breve descripción de dichos tipos y el establecimiento de su relación con las distintas facies sedimentarias complementan la información sobre el medio sedimentario conseguida por los métodos sedimentológicos clásicos y permiten plantear el significado e interés de los briozoos en el análisis sedimentológico.

PEN as substrate for new solar cell technologies

The possible use of polyethylene naphthalate as substrate for low-temperature deposited solar cells has been studied in this paper. The transparency of this polymer makes it a candidate to be used in both substrate and superstrate configurations. ZnO:Al has been deposited at room temperature on top of PEN. The resulting structure PEN/ZnO:Al presented good optical and electrical properties. PEN has been successfully textured (nanometer and micrometer random roughness) using hot-embossing lithography. Reflector structures have been built depositing Ag and ZnO:Al on top of the stamped polymer. The deposition of these layers did not affect the final roughness of the whole. The reflector structure has been morphologically and optically analysed to verify its suitability to be used in solar cells.

Progress in single junction microcrystalline silicon solar cells deposited by Hot-Wire CVD

Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition has led to microcrystalline silicon solar cell efficiencies similar to those obtained with Plasma Enhanced CVD. The light-induced degradation behavior of microcrystalline silicon solar cells critically depends on the properties of their active layer. In the regime close to the transition to amorphous growth (around 60% of amorphous volume fraction), cells incorporating an intrinsic layer with slightly higher crystalline fraction and [220] preferential orientation are stable after more than 7000 h of AM1.5 light soaking. On the contrary, solar cells whose intrinsic layer has a slightly lower crystalline fraction and random or [111] preferential orientation exhibit clear light-induced degradation effects. A revision of the efficiencies of Hot-Wire deposited microcrystalline silicon solar cells is presented and the potential efficiency of this technology is also evaluated.

Control of doped layers in p-i-n microcrystalline solar cells fully deposited with HWCVD

In this paper, the influence of the deposition conditions on the performance of p-i-n microcrystalline silicon solar cells completely deposited by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition is studied. With this aim, the role of the doping concentration, the substrate temperature of the p-type layer and of amorphous silicon buffer layers between the p/i and i/n microcrystalline layers is investigated. Best results are found when the p-type layer is deposited at a substrate temperature of 125 °C. The dependence seen of the cell performance on the thickness of the i layer evidenced that the efficiency of our devices is still limited by the recombination within this layer, which is probably due to the charge of donor centers most likely related to oxygen.

Recursos litosféricos y medio ambiente

This paper focuses that geological resources is an essential need in the development of the society and specially of the developing countries. Taking into account the processes and environmental problems related to mining exploitation, these activities should be performed in a environment concordance. For these reason al1 the available environmental techniques and tools for a responsible exploitation of resources should be used.

Las representaciones sociales del medio ambiente: el papel de la fotografía

Este estudio se centra en el papel de la fotografía en la construcción de la representación social (RS) del medio ambiente. En el contexto de una investigación sobre la RS de los problemas ambientales en la prensa (Castrechini y Pol, 2006), se ha encontrado que un elemento clave de esta representación social está formado por los elementos gráficos. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis de las referencias fotográficas utilizadas para ilustrar y/o acompañar tales noticias. Se analizó una muestra de 266 fotografías procedentes de dos diarios: La Vanguardia y El País en su edición barcelonesa. El período de estudio comprendió desde el año 1992 hasta el 2002. El procedimiento consiste en categorizar los diferentes temas contenidos en las fotografías. Para su categorización no se parte de un sistema de categorías establecido a priori, sino que éste se ha ido construyendo a partir de la información proporcionada por el propio material analizado (Strauss y Corbin, 1990). Se obtienen cuatro categorías principales: actores sociales, paisajes, afectación del medio ambiente y acciones sociales. Destaca una presencia mayoritaria de figuras políticas que puede reflejar el uso (y abuso) interesado de la prensa de algunas fuentes informativas y/o la hegemonía de una fuente por encima de las otras. Por otra parte, es de resaltar la alta presencia de fotografías de escenario urbanos. Ello puede estar indicando un cambio en la representación social del medio ambiente, históricamente referido al paisaje natural y reflejo de la asociación tradicional entre naturaleza y conservacionismo. Las pruebas estadísticas realizadas muestran la existencia de diferencias significativas en cuanto al tipo de tema contenido en las fotografías a lo largo del período analizado.

Current Sheet Regulation of Solar Near-relativistic Electron Injection Histories

We present a sample of three large near-relativistic (>50 keV) electron events observed in 2001 by both the ACE and the Ulysses spacecraft, when Ulysses was at high-northern latitudes (>60◦) and close to 2 AU. Despite the large latitudinal distance between the two spacecraft, electrons injected near the Sun reached both heliospheric locations. All three events were associated with large solar flares, strong decametric type II radio bursts and accompanied by wide (>212◦) and fast (>1400 km s−1) coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We use advanced interplanetary transport simulations and make use of the directional intensities observed in situ by the spacecraft to infer the electron injection profile close to the Sun and the interplanetary transport conditions at both low and high latitudes. For the three selected events, we find similar interplanetary transport conditions at different heliolatitudes for a given event, with values of the mean free path ranging from 0.04 AU to 0.27 AU. We find differences in the injection profiles inferred for each spacecraft. We investigate the role that sector boundaries of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) have on determining the characteristics of the electron injection profiles. Extended injection profiles, associated with coronal shocks, are found if the magnetic footpoints of the spacecraft lay in the same magnetic sector as the associated flare, while intermittent sparse injection episodes appear when the spacecraft footpoints are in the opposite sector or a wrap in the HCS bounded the CME structure.

Lixiviacion de concentrados de cobre con alto contenido en arsenico en medio cloro-cloruro

Se ha estudiado la lixiviación de concentrados de cobre con alto contenido de arsénico (hasta 2,5 %), mediante un proceso de oxidación con cloro formado 'in situ', por la reacción entre hipoclorito de sodio y ácido sulfúrico. El objetivo de estas experiencias es producir una solución de lixiviación, de características adecuadas para entrar a la etapa posterior de extracción por solventes (SX), es decir, entre 4 a 6 g/1 de cobre y 5 a 7 g/1 de ácido residual. Esta disolución, además, deberá contener cantidades mínimas de arsénico y cloruro. Las lixiviaciones se realizaron por agitación en un reactor de acrílico diseñado para tal efecto, a temperatura ambiente y a presión atmosférica. Se utilizaron concentrados de cobre de explotaciones mineras de Antofagasta (Chile). Se estudiaron algunas variables típicas de la lixiviación, como son: la concentración de agente lixiviante, el tiempo de lixiviación, el porcentaje de sólidos y la temperatura. La caracterización de algunos residuos sólidos, producto de las lixiviaciones, se realizó por DRX (Difracción de Rayos X) y EDS (Barrido de Energía Dispersiva de Rayos X). El cobre y arsénico en las disoluciones se analizaron mediante Espectroscopia de Absorción Atómica. Los resultados experimentales indican que es posible obtener soluciones de las características deseadas con este procedimiento, que utiliza reactivos comunes y de relativo bajo costo.