Repositorios en la nube

Las aplicaciones que se distribuyen a través de Internet como un servicio (Software as a service, SaaS) y el hardware y software de base de los centros de datos (Nube, Cloud) son los dos elementos de la ecuación llamada cloud computing. En este paradigma, se juegan tres roles principales: proveedor del cloud, usuario del cloud que a su vez es proveedor de servicio (como los repositorios) y los usuarios finales del servicio. Los primeros se benefician de la especialización y las economías de escala; mientras que los segundos de una mayor elasticidad en el aprovisionamiento. En este sentido, DuraSpace ha creado un piloto llamado DuraCloud para probar el uso de tecnologías de almacenamiento en la nube para la preservación de contenido digital. El taller pretende describir los conceptos básicos del cloud, con ejemplos de donde se está usando este tipo de tecnología; y el impacto que puede tener en los repositorios digitales.

A compositional statistical analysis of capital stock

Most of economic literature has presented its analysis under the assumption of homogeneous capital stock.However, capital composition differs across countries. What has been the pattern of capital compositionassociated with World economies? We make an exploratory statistical analysis based on compositional datatransformed by Aitchinson logratio transformations and we use tools for visualizing and measuring statisticalestimators of association among the components. The goal is to detect distinctive patterns in the composition.As initial findings could be cited that:1. Sectorial components behaved in a correlated way, building industries on one side and , in a lessclear view, equipment industries on the other.2. Full sample estimation shows a negative correlation between durable goods component andother buildings component and between transportation and building industries components.3. Countries with zeros in some components are mainly low income countries at the bottom of theincome category and behaved in a extreme way distorting main results observed in the fullsample.4. After removing these extreme cases, conclusions seem not very sensitive to the presence ofanother isolated cases

Acumulación de reservas de divisas y aparición de fondos soberanos en las economías emergentes de Asia

Aquest Treball Final de Carrera pretén analitzar de manera organitzada els Fons de Riquesa Sobirana, un dels actors amb major rellevància dins de l’economia mundial en els últims anys; sobre el qual es té poca informació, degut principalment, a la seva manca de transparència. Aquest estudi parteix d’un primer anàlisis a nivell macroeconòmic sobre les raons de creació d’aquests fons, i sobre com comencen a agafar importància dins del panorama econòmic actual. A partir d’aquí, es desenvolupa l’estudi sobre els països emergents d’Àsia, que utilitzen aquests Fons de Riquesa Sobirana com a vehicles per a canalitzar les seves Inversions cap a l’exterior, amb l’objectiu de diversificar els seus ingressos econòmics, i garantitzar el desenvolupament futur, tant del país com de la població. Finalment, el treball aborda el cas dels Emirats Àrabs Units, un país amb un gran número de Fons de Riquesa Sobirana, que estan prenen posicions en alguns sectors estratègics de moltes economies desenvolupades.

Regional Determinants of Firm Entry in a Developing Country

Regional policies aiming to attract new firms are largely based on evidence that originates from Europe, the USA and Japan. This may raise doubts about the usefulness of such policies when applied to developing economies. This paper addresses this issue by providing estimates of the determinants of firm entry in the Argentinean provinces. We find that most of the determinants used in previous studies analysing developed countries are still relevant. However, there is a need for additional explanatory variables that reflect the specificities of developing economies. Key words: firm entry, regional economics, Argentina. JEL: R12; R30; C33

Las Relaciones UE-África y la futura asociación estratégica: realpolitik con piel de cordero

Hasta el 2005 no hubo demasiados avances, más allá de los constantes contactos que han ido manteniendo las Conferencias Ministeriales UE-África y la elaboración de una Comunicación por parte de la Comisión al respecto de dicho diálogo. Dicha Comunicación pretendía atenuar los efectos de la anulación de la Cumbre sobre el recién nacido diálogo político, ofreciendo una imagen de continuidad, así como analizar los avances del diálogo en los ocho temas prioritarios establecidos por el Plan de El Cairo. De entre estos temas destacaba, dentro del apartado dedicado a la integración regional, el inicio de las negociaciones sobre los polémicos Acuerdos de Asociación Económica (AAE) entre la UE y las diversas agrupaciones regionales de los países ACP (unos acuerdos que entrarán en vigor a partir del 2008 y que han suscitado críticas por parte de algunos sectores en base a los perniciosos efectos para las economías africanas que puede conllevar la liberalización comercial total con Europa).

Social capital and the equilibrium number of entrepreneurs

Social capital is viewed either as a proprietary asset that serves private interests, including those of entrepreneurs, or as a collective asset that supports trust-based transactions saving on transaction costs both in markets and within the boundaries of firms, and benefiting society as a whole. This paper explains the relative specialization between entrepreneurs and market-governed exchanges as a result of the interaction between social capital that lowers transaction costs, and the scale economies of ability in managerial jobs (Lucas 1978). The main hypothesis formulated in the paper is that higher social capital will benefit the hierarchy relatively more than the market as a governance mechanism, and therefore in economies with higher social capital, the equilibrium number of entrepreneurs will be lower and their average span of control larger than in economies with lower social capital. The empirical evidence, with data from the Spanish Autonomous Communities, is consistent with this prediction.

Time-Delayed Theory of the Neolithic Transition in Europe

The classical wave-of-advance model of the neolithic transition (i.e., the shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural economies) is based on Fisher's reaction-diffusion equation. Here we present an extension of Einstein's approach to Fickian diffusion, incorporating reaction terms. On this basis we show that second-order terms in the reaction-diffusion equation, which have been neglected up to now, are not in fact negligible but can lead to important corrections. The resulting time-delayed model agrees quite well with observations

Searching for and positioning of contextualized learning objects

Learning object economies are marketplaces for the sharing and reuse of learning objects (LO). There are many motivations for stimulating the development of the LO economy. The main reason is the possibility of providing the right content, at the right time, to the right learner according to adequate quality standards in the context of a lifelong learning process; in fact, this is also the main objective of education. However, some barriers to the development of a LO economy, such as the granularity and editability of LO, must be overcome. Furthermore, some enablers, such as learning design generation and standards usage, must be promoted in order to enhance LO economy. For this article, we introduced the integration of distributed learning object repositories (DLOR) as sources of LO that could be placed in adaptive learning designs to assist teachers’ design work. Two main issues presented as a result: how to access distributed LO, and where to place the LO in the learning design. To address these issues, we introduced two processes: LORSE, a distributed LO searching process, and LOOK, a micro context-based positioning process, respectively. Using these processes, the teachers were able to reuse LO from different sources to semi-automatically generate an adaptive learning design without leaving their virtual environment. A layered evaluation yielded good results for the process of placing learning objects from controlled learning object repositories into a learning design, and permitting educators to define different open issues that must be covered when they use uncontrolled learning object repositories for this purpose. We verified the satisfaction users had with our solution

Producción y Productividad Agrícolas en la Isla de Mallorca, 1590-1860

This paper proposes a detailed measurement of the agricultural development of the island of Majorca from the late sixteenth century to the midnineteenth century, with an emphasis on the products which made up the bulk of the island’s agricultural production. The authors have organized most of the existing databases in the island’s archives and have also incorporated quantitative and qualitative material from their own research and that of other colleagues. Due to their quality and regularity, the data are among the richest known for pre-industrial Europe. These sources lead to some conclusions which link with recent debates in European economic history concerning the calculation of economic growth in economies for periods before statistics were kept. The text presents a methodological analysis covering almost 80 per cent of agricultural production of the island of Majorca and leaves conclusions to be supplemented by further studies of the manufacturing and service sectors

Les Crisis asiàtiques i el procés de globalització : el cas de Corea del Sud

Corea del Sud ha vist en els últims 50 anys com la seva economia creixia a unsritmes espectaculars fins arribar a situar-se entre les primeres del món. El seu ascenssemblava imparable fins que l’any 1997, de forma inesperada per la majoria, esclatà lacrisis. En aquells moments, Corea del Sud s’havia convertit en la undècima economiadel planeta i la sisena potència comercial, sent el primer productor de vaixells imemòries DRAM, el quart de béns electrònics de consum, el cinquè d’automòbils i deproductes petroquímics, els sisè d’acer i el setè de productes tèxtils,A mitjans dels anys 50 el país tenia una economia agrària afectada per unapobresa massiva, la seva renta per càpita era inferior a les d’Angola o Moçambic, peròentre 1962 i 1996 el seu PNB per càpita passà de 87 dòlars a més de 12.000 i el seuPIB es multiplicà per 12, amb una taxa anual mitja de creixement del 8%, convertint-seen un país industrial avançat. A més, durant els anys 70 i 80 havia resistitsorprenentment bé les perturbacions (energètiques, monetàries i comercials) externes,malgrat el seu model de creixement depenia molt de les importacions de petroli, deldeute extern (fins mitjans dels 80) i de les exportacions de manufactures als mercatsoccidentals, i havia superat bé els problemes de deute extern que afectaren a altrespaïsos en vies de desenvolupament.Durant els anys 90 el procés de globalització financera contribuí, aparentment,a sostenir aquest creixement, amb l’entrada d’una quantitat ingent de fluxos de capitalestranger i la integració cada cop més plena dins dels mercats mundials de la mà d’unprocés de liberalització financera i comercial, arribant a aconseguir a finals de 1996 laseva admissió a la Organització de Cooperació i Desenvolupament Econòmic (OCDE).Però aquests factors que contribuïren al creixement li passarien factura, al propiciaruna sèrie de vulnerabilitats macroeconòmiques que acabarien sortint a la llum en elcontext de la crisis asiàtica del 97 i mostrarien la necessitat d’un canvi en el model dedesenvolupament, tan exitós durant anys, però incapaç d’adaptar-se per si sol alsnous paràmetres de l’economia globalitzada.2Com a continuació es veurà, la crisis coreana té unes característiques concretes,que la diferencien de la patida per la resta de països afectats per la crisis asiàtica del97, però comparteix també elements en comú. La crisis coreana s’entén millor dins elmarc en què es produí, el de les crisis asiàtiques. Però encara podem anar més lluny, jaque per molts experts les crisis del 97 han estat les primeres grans crisis de laglobalització i per tant és des d’aquí que s’ha d’analitzar, fins arribar al cas concret deCorea del Sud, incomprensible sense tot el context general.Les debilitats estructurals de les diferents economies asiàtiques afectadespoden explicar parcialment la gènesis de la crisis, però es tracta per molts d’una crisissistèmica global, que s’insereix en un context molt més ampli. Per això s’ha dividit elsegüent anàlisi en tres parts: els efectes de la globalització en general, les crisisasiàtiques i finalment el cas concret de Corea del Sud.

A note on schooling in development accounting

How much would output increase if underdeveloped economies were to increase their levels of schooling? We contribute to the development accounting literature by describing a non-parametric upper bound on the increase in output that can be generated by more schooling. The advantage of our approach is that the upper bound is valid for any number of schooling levels with arbitrary patterns of substitution/complementarity. Another advantage is that the upper bound is robust to certain forms of endogenous technology response to changes in schooling. We also quantify the upper bound for all economies with the necessary data, compare our results with the standard development accounting approach, and provide an update on the results using the standard approach for a large sample of countries.

Adverse Selection, Credit, and Efficiency: the Case of the Missing Market

We analyze a standard environment of adverse selection in credit markets. In our envi- ronment, entrepreneurs who are privately informed about the quality of their projects need to borrow from banks. As is generally the case in economies with adverse selection, the competitive equilibrium of our economy is shown to be ine¢ cient. Under adverse selection, the choices made by one type of agents limit what can be o¤ered to other types in an incentive-compatible manner. This gives rise to an externality, which cannot be internalized in a competitive equilibrium. We show that, in this type of environment, the ine¢ ciency associated to adverse selection is the consequence of one implicit assumption: entrepreneurs can only borrow from banks. If an additional market is added (say, a .security market.), in which entrepreneurs can obtain funds beyond those o¤ered by banks, we show that the e¢ cient allocation is an equilibrium of the economy. In such an equilibrium, all entrepreneurs borrow at a pooling rate in the security market. When they apply to bank loans, though, only entrepreneurs with good projects pledge these additional funds as collateral. This equilibrium thus simultaneously entails cross- subsidization and separation between di¤erent types of entrepreneurs.

Modern Perspectives on Fiscal Stabilization Policies

The present paper describes recent research on two central themes of Keynes General Theory: (i) the social waste associated with recessions, and (ii) the effectiveness of fiscal policy as a stabilization tool. The paper also discusses some evidence on the extent to which fiscal policy has been used as a stabilizing tool in industrial economies over the past two decades.

Adverse selection, credit, and efficiency: the case of the missing market

We analyze a standard environment of adverse selection in credit markets. In our environment, entrepreneurs who are privately informed about the quality of their projects need to borrow in order to invest. Conventional wisdom says that, in this class of economies, the competitive equilibrium is typically inefficient. We show that this conventional wisdom rests on one implicit assumption: entrepreneurs can only access monitored lending. If a new set of markets is added to provide entrepreneurs with additional funds, efficiency can be attained in equilibrium. An important characteristic of these additional markets is that lending in them must be unmonitored, in the sense that it does not condition total borrowing or investment by entrepreneurs. This makes it possible to attain efficiency by pooling all entrepreneurs in the new markets while separating them in the markets for monitored loans.

The capital gains from trade are not enough: Evidence from the environmental accounts of Venezuela and Mexico

In principle, a country can not endure negative genuine savings for longperiods of time without experiencing declining consumption. Nevertheless,theoreticians envisage two alternatives to explain how an exporter ofnon-renewable natural resources could experience permanent negativegenuine savings and still ensure sustainability. The first one allegesthat the capital gains arising from the expected improvement in theterms of trade would suffice to compensate for the negative savings ofthe resource exporter. The second alternative points at technologicalchange as a way to avoid economic collapse. This paper uses the dataof Venezuela and Mexico to empirically test the first of these twohypotheses. The results presented here prove that the terms oftrade do not suffice to compensate the depletion of oil reservesin these two open economies.