Regional child care availability and fertility decisions in Spain

In this paper I explore two hypotheses: (1) Formal child care availability for children under three has a positive effect across contexts, according to the degree of adaptation of social institutions to changes in gender roles. Event history models with regional fixed effects are applied to data from the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001). The results show a significant and positive effect of regional day care availability on both, first and higher order births, while results are consistent with the second hypothesis only for second or higher order births.

Rendimiento diagnóstico de la spect-tc post terapéutica en la estadificación inicial del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides

El rastreo corporal total (RCT) luego de la primera radioablación con 131I en pacientes diagnosticados de carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) permite una re-estadificación de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, su información anatómica es escasa y la elevada actividad de los restos tiroideos puede interferir con la detección de adenopatías cervicales. En este estudio se determinó el valor diagnóstico de la SPECT-TC respecto al RCT, concluyendo que la misma aporta información relevante para determinar el compromiso ganglionar, resolviendo los patrones indeterminados observados en los estudios planares y permitiendo una mejor estadificación de los pacientes al final de su periodo de tratamiento.

The varieties of regional change

Many metropolitan areas have experienced extreme boom-bust cycles over the past century. Some places, like Detroit, grew enormously as industrial powerhouses and then declined, while other older cities, like Boston, seem quite resilient. Education does a reasonable job of explaining urban resilience. In this paper, we present a simple model where education increases the level of entrepreneurship. In this model, human capital spillovers occur at the city level because skilled workers produce more product varieties and thereby increase labor demand. We decompose empirically the causes of the connection between skills and urban success and find that skills are associated with growth in productivity or entrepreneurship, not with growth in quality of life, at least outside of the West. We also find that skills seem to have depressed housing supply growth in the West, but not in other regions, which supports the view that educated residents in that region have fought for tougher land-use controls. We also present evidence that skills have had a disproportionately large impact on unemployment during the current recession.

Impacte de les mutacions del gen kras en pacients afectes de càncer colorectal metastàtic i la seva relació amb els tractaments biològics associats a la quimioteràpia

El càncer colorectal és un dels càncers més comuns i amb major prevalença, presentant una supervivència als 5 anys per sota del 20% sense tractament. Existeixen estudis que demostren que les mutacions en k-ras, present en el 40-50% de càncers colorectals, s’han convertit en marcadors de pronòstic i en factors predictius de manca de resposta a fàrmacs biològics com Cetuximab® o Panitumumab®. Hem analitzat la mutació de KRAS en la nostra sèrie de 60 pacients afectes de càncer colorectal metastàtic candidats a primera línia de tractament. Aquesta mutació estava present en un 41.6%. En el moment del diagnòstic, presentaven malaltia metastàtica sincrònica el 56.6%. De tots ells, un 51.6% va rebre una combinació de quimioteràpia i anticòs monoclonal. En quant a la resposta obtinguda, el control de malaltia va arribar fins el 86.7% en el global de la sèrie. La supervivència lliure de progressió en la nostra sèrie va ser de 11.74 mesos. En pacients amb KRAS natural va ser de 12,59 mesos vs 11.25 mesos en pacients amb KRAS mutat sense observar diferències estadísticament significatives (p=0.958). No es van observar diferències significatives en funció del règim de quimioteràpia administrada, independentment de l’estat de KRAS. La supervivència global va ser de 32,16 mesos. En pacients amb KRAS natural va ser de 32,59 mesos vs. 28 mesos en pacients amb KRAS mutat sense observar diferències estadísticament significatives (p=0.915). La limitació que significa un número petit de pacients, dins una sèrie assistencial, ens ha de fer ser cautelosos en quant a la valoració dels resultats .

El càncer de coll d'úter sota el microscòpi

 Treball de recerca realitzat per un alumne d’ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l’any 2010. L’objectiu del treball ha estat estudiar i analitzar els diferents aspectes del càncer de cèrvix en profunditat, sobretot l'estudi citològic com a part del diagnòstic. L’ estudi teòric ha permès analitzar les generalitats de tots els tipus de càncer i la zona on es localitza el càncer de coll d'úter. Posteriorment, l’observació de les cèl•lules a través del microscopi ha permès deduir el tipus de cèl•lula o lesió de vint mostres diferents a partir de les característiques analitzades. S’han realitzat fotografies de les cèl•lules observades.

Nuevas terapias basadas en dianas moleculares en cáncer colorrectal metastásico

El desarrollo de nuevas drogas en cáncer colorrectal ha pasado por una etapa previa indispensable, basada en el conocimiento de la biología tumoral de la enfermedad que median el crecimiento tumoral, ciclo celular, apoptosis, angiogénesis e invasión. Existen múltiples fármacos en fase de desarrollo que han sido diseñados de forma específica para bloquear distintos mecanismos biológicos fundamentales para la progresión tumoral. El objetivo de este trabajo, es llevar a cabo una revisión de la situación actual de los nuevos fármacos basados en dianas moleculares que se estan desarrollando en el cáncer colorrectal metastásico.

Correlació entre resposta radiològica i resposta patològica en pacients amb càncer de mama tractades amb quimioteràpia neoadjuvant.

En pacients amb càncer de mama la ressonància magnètica és superior a altres exploracions per a monitoritzar la resposta a la quimioteràpia neoadjuvant. Analitzem la correlació entre resposta completa radiològica(RCr) valorada amb RM i resposta completa patològica (RCp), globalment i en funció dels diferents immunofenotips. Es tracta d´un estudi clínic, retrospectiu, on s´han inclòs 103 pacients tractades amb quimioteràpia neoadjuvant. Totes les pacients incloses disposaven de RM inicial i de RM post-quimioteràpia. La sensibilitat de la RM per a detectar RCp és d´un 82% i l´especificitat d´un 71%. El valor de sensibilitat més alt, del 100%, s´ha objectivat en els tumors triple negatius. La concordança global entre RCr i RCp és d´un 74%.

Human capital and regional development

We investigate the determinants of regional development using a newly constructed database of 1569 sub-national regions from 110 countries covering 74 percent of the world s surface and 97 percent of its GDP. We combine the cross-regional analysis of geographic, institutional, cultural, and human capital determinants of regional development with an examination of productivity in several thousand establishments located in these regions. To organize the discussion, we present a new model of regional development that introduces into a standard migration framework elements of both the Lucas (1978) model of the allocation of talent between entrepreneurship and work, and the Lucas (1988) model of human capital externalities. The evidence points to the paramount importance of human capital in accounting for regional differences in development, but also suggests from model estimation and calibration that entrepreneurial inputs and possibly human capital externalities help understand the data.

Regional allocation of skills

This paper addresses three questions: (1) why does the share of skilledworkers in regional population tend to be higher in wealthier regions? (2)what determines changes in this share over time? and (3) why is it that internalmigration tends to raise average skill levels of the receiving regions relativeto that of the sending regions? I construct a two--region dynamic model withagglomeration and congestion to answer these questions. It is shown that,under certain relationship between wages and demand for land, unskilledworkers are discouraged more strongly from living in a wealthier region andare less mobile than skilled workers.

Regional growth in Japan

I study the role of internal migration in income convergence acrossregions in Japan. Neoclassical theory predicts that migration should have beenan important source of convergence. Regression results, however, suggest thatmigration did not contribute to convergence. I investigate the possibilitythat this discrepancy is explained by taking into account the effects ofmigration on population composition, especially on educational attainment.I propose an empirical approach to quantify this ``educational compositioneffect''. It is shown that, although this effect did slow down convergence,its magnitude was too small to account for the discrepancy between theoryand empirics.

Diversity and regional inequalities: Assessing the outcomes of the Spanish 'System of Health Care Services'

The consolidation of a universal health system coupled with a process of regionaldevolution characterise the institutional reforms of the National Health System(NHS) in Spain in the last two decades. However, scarce empirical evidence hasbeen reported on the effects of both changes in health inputs, outputs andoutcomes, both at the country and at the regional level. This paper examinesthe empirical evidence on regional diversity, efficiency and inequality ofthese changes in the Spanish NHS using cross-correlation, panel data andexpenditure decomposition analysis. Results suggest that besides significantheterogeneity, once we take into account region-specific needs there is evidenceof efficiency improvements whilst inequalities in inputs and outcomes, althoughmore visible , do not appear to have increased in the last decade. Therefore,the devolution process in the Spanish Health System offers an interesting casefor the experimentation of health reforms related to regional diversity butcompatible with the nature of a public NHS, with no sizeable regionalinequalitiest.

A multilevel analysis on the determinants of regional health care expenditure. A note

We apply a multilevel hierarchical model to explore whether anaggregation fallacy exists in estimating the income elasticity of healthexpenditure by ignoring the regional composition of national healthexpenditure figures. We use data for 110 regions in eight OECD countriesin 1997: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden andUnited Kingdom. In doing this we have tried to identify two sources ofrandom variation: within countries and between-countries. Our resultsshow that: 1- Variability between countries amounts to (SD) 0.5433, andjust 13% of that can be attributed to income elasticity and the remaining87% to autonomous health expenditure; 2- Within countries, variabilityamounts to (SD) 1.0249; and 3- The intra-class correlation is 0.5300. Weconclude that we have to take into account the degree of fiscaldecentralisation within countries in estimating income elasticity ofhealth expenditure. Two reasons lie behind this: a) where there isdecentralisation to the regions, policies aimed at emulating diversitytend to increase national health care expenditure; and b) without fiscaldecentralisation, central monitoring of finance tends to reduce regionaldiversity and therefore decrease national health expenditure.

Regional industrialisation without national growth: The Catalan industrialization and the growth of Spanish economy (1830-1861)

This paper has two main objectives. First, it provides a stylised descriptionof the Catalan industrial path of the period 1830-1861. Second, it reviewsthe evolution of the Catalan industry in the Spanish context and, thus, canserve to describe the relative importance of the Catalan industrialexperience. Consequently, it is mainly devoted to computing and analysing thegrowth rates of Catalan industries during the early phase of industrialisation.The results show that Catalonia experienced a true process ofindustrialisation during the period 1830 to 1861, but that its contributionin rapid increase in Spanish GDP was relatively small.