Gestión de residuos sanitarios en el siglo XXI en atención primaria

Resumen: La generación de residuos sanitarios (RS) ha aumentado de manera considerable en los últimos años, debido a la utilización de materiales de un solo uso y a la escasa sensibilidad en cuanto a su peligrosidad. Es importante conocer el nivel de información y la percepción de riesgo real que tienen los profesionales de la salud de atención primaria frente a la gestión incorrecta de los RS. Objetivo: Evaluar la gestión de los RS en 9 centros de atención primaria de Barcelona y la cantidad de información, la percepción de riesgo laboral y para la salud pública de los profesionales de la salud, así como la actitud. Ámbito de estudio: Nueve centros de atención primaria del ámbito Costa de Ponent Baix Llobregat. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo y/o explicativo transversal y no probabilístico. El tamaño muestral es de 99 individuos (personal de limpieza, auxiliares, médicos y enfermeras/os) de los turnos de mañana, tarde y de 12 horas, que trabajan en las unidades de pediatría y medicina general de 9 centros de atención primaria. Criterios de inclusión: personal de limpieza, auxiliares, médicos y enfermeras/os con más de un año de experiencia asistencial. Criterios de exclusión: profesionales en período de prácticas. Instrumento de medida: cuestionario de elaboración propia administrado por el equipo investigador. Variables del estudio: conocimiento, percepción de riesgo, actitud y valoración global. Análisis de datos: programa estadístico SPSS, versión 12.0. Resultados: El nivel de conocimiento global en atención primaria es de 5,13, con una desviación estándar de 2,4 con variaciones en los diferentes profesionales. Gestionan mejor los RS los profesionales que finalizaron sus estudios antes del año 1992 (es decir, antes de la primera normativa catalana de gestión avanzada de RS). El 81,3% de la muestra consideran que los RS son un riesgo para su salud laboral, y el 67,4% los consideran un riesgo para la salud pública. Como elemento limitativo de la conducta tenemos el desconocimiento de la normativa (49,6%) y la presión asistencial (19,8%). Como elementos facilitadores de la conducta destacan la percepción de riesgo real (32,8%) y la disponibilidad de recursos (27,2%). Las propuestas para mejorar la gestión (54,5%) consisten en incrementar la formación, la unificación de criterios en los diferentes centros y la dotación de recursos. Conclusiones: Los profesionales manifiestan un desconocimiento de la normativa en prácticamente el 50% de los casos. Existe, sin embargo, una relación entre año de finalización de los estudios y conocimiento, y también una relación en función de la profesión. Un elevado porcentaje considera los RS como un riesgo de salud pública en general. Por otro lado, el 20% destacan la presión asistencial como elemento limitativo. Existe una relación entre la valoración global del riesgo y la propuesta mayoritaria de formación. Sorprendentemente, las respuestas enfocadas a evitar la generación de RS en origen son inapreciables.

La disposición adicional cuarta de la Ley de tasas y precios públicos. Análisis crítico y propuesta alternativa

El presente trabajo estudia la disposición adicional cuarta de la Ley de Tasas y Precios Públicos. El estudio de la norma se escinde en tres partes: en primer lugar el supuesto de hecho que recoge el precepto, en segundo lugar los efectos jurídicos que de su aplicación se van a derivar y en tercer lugar su conformidad constitucional. Como cierre del estudio se formula una propuesta alternativa y se exponen de modo sucinto las conclusiones obtenidas a lo largo del trabajo.

Pla de comunicació i xarxes socials de la BCBL

Pla de comunicació extern i de xarxes socials de la Biblioteca del Campus del Baix Llobregat (BCBL).

La hipnosis en el tratamiento del dolor crónico

For a long time, hypnosis has been associated with knowledge areas of little apparent scientific validity. Fourtanely, in recent years, hypnosis has proved to be a useful technique for intervention in the health area. The area where mor estudies have been conducted and with greater success is on treatment of chronic pain. However, some obstacles must yet be overcome: the limited use of hypnosis in the public health services in Spain, and the resources assigned by universities for researchand professional trainingon these techniques are scarce. This paper aims to briefly review the current state of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain, and advocates for its integration within a multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pain.

Guia temàtica Biblioteca ETSAB: Dret a l'habitatge

Postprint (author’s final draft)

Immigration and housing booms: Evidence from Spain

We estimate empirically the effect of immigration on house prices and residentialconstruction activity in Spain over the period 1998-2008. This decade is characterized by both aspectacular housing market boom and a stunning immigration wave. We exploit the variation inimmigration across Spanish provinces and construct an instrument based on the historicallocation patterns of immigrants by country of origin. The evidence points to a sizeable causaleffect of immigration on both prices and quantities in the housing market. Between 1998 and2008, the average Spanish province received an immigrant inflow equal to 17% of the initialworking-age population. We estimate that this inflow increased house prices by about 52% andis responsible for 37% of the total construction of new housing units during the period. Thesefigures imply that immigration can account for roughly one third of the housing boom, both interms of prices and new construction.

Employment and public capital in spain

This paper analyses the e¤ects on employment of increasing the stock of public capital. To this end, we derive a wage equation so that wages are endogenized. This allows us to show that, by means of a higher elasticity of labour demand with respect to wages, a rise in public capital increases employment. The estimation of a structural model for the Spanish private sector tests and con…rms empirically this relationship. The results show that an increase in public capital has a significant and positive direct influence on employment, and indirect e¤ects derived from lower wages and higher economic growth. Finally, we undertake a simulation exercise to assess the long run efects on employment and economic growth of increasing public capital.

How much risk is mitigated by LTC Insurance? A case study of the public system in Spain

We present a methodology that allows to calculate the impact of a given Long-Term Care (LTC) insurance protection system on the risk of incurring extremely large individual lifetime costs. Our proposed methodology is illustrated with a case study. According to our risk measure, the current Spanish public LTC system mitigates individual risk by more than 30% compared to the situation where no public protection were available. We show that our method can be used to compare risk reduction of alternative LTC insurance plans.

Social spending and demographics: The role of public policies in the intergenerational redistribution of income. Empirical evidence from Spain and Catalonia

The demographic shift underway in Southern Europe requires a revision of some of the fundamental principles of the traditional welfare state. We analyze the evolution of several aspects of welfare and social expenditure over the last two decades. We find that in the context of the present demographic changes and real estate boom current social and pension policy leads to a new distribution of benefits and burdens which is highly intergenerationally unequal. We argue for a revised definition of public policy based on Musgrave's proposition as a possible rule for an intergenerationally fair distribution.

The drift of public spending towards the elderly: A generational analysis of the trend of public policies in Spain

The tendency for public welfare spending to be increasingly aimed at the elderly has been pointed out for the US and other developed countries. While population ageing is a common trend, it is not obvious why the shift in spending exceeds the trend in ageing, or why per capita spending on the elderly increases.We show that this is the case in Spain, identify the losers from this development, discuss the policies that underlie this trend, and propose adjustments based on Musgrave s fixed proportions rule as an inter-generationally fair distribution.

Social spending and demographics: The role of public policies in the intergenerational redistribution of income. Empirical evidence from Spain and Catalonia

The demographic shift underway in Southern Europe requires a revision of some of thefundamental principles of the traditional welfare state. We analyze the evolution of several aspects of welfare and social expenditure over the last two decades. We find that in the context of the present demographic changes and real estate boom current social and pension policy leads to a new distribution of benefits and burdens which is highly intergenerationally unequal. We argue for a revised definition of public policy based on Musgrave's proposition as a possible rule for an intergenerationally fair distribution.

Assessment of the water chemistry and the macroinvertebrate community changes produced during the creation of the new Llobregat river mouth (Barcelona, NE Spain)

In 1999, a set of coordinated projects and investments whose principal objective was to transform Barcelona into one of the main distribution points of southern Europe resulted in the relocation of the Llobregat River mouth. The mouth was relocated by draining the old river mouth and constructing a new one. The aim of this study was to characterise the physico-chemical properties and the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of the new river mouth and to monitor the changes experienced by the estuarine environment during its creation. A sampling point was established in the river 1.8 km upstream from its connection with the new mouth, and two sampling points were established in the new mouth. Samples of water and macroinvertebrates were collected every two months from May 2004 to June 2005, covering the periods before (from May to September 2004) and after (from September 2004 to June 2005) the new mouth was connected to the river and the sea. During the period before its connection to the river and the sea, the new mouth was functionally similar to a lagoon, with clear waters, charophytes and a rich invertebrate community. After the connection was completed, seawater penetrated the river mouth and extended to the connection point with the river (approximately 3.9 km upstream). An increase in conductivity from 4-6 mS cm 1 to 24-30 mS cm 1 caused important changes in the macroinvertebrate community of the new mouth. An initial defaunation was followed by a colonisation of the new mouth by brackish-water and marine invertebrate species. Due to its design (which allows the penetration of the sea) and the decreased discharge from the lower part of the Llobregat River, the new mouth has become an arm of the sea

25-years of biomonitoring in two mediterranean streams (Llobregat and Besos basins, NE Spain)

Biological water quality changes in two Mediterranean river basins from a network of 42 sampling sites assessed since 1979 are presented. In order to characterize the biological quality, the index FBILL, designed to characterize these rivers" quality using aquatic macroinvertebrates, is used. When comparing the data from recent years to older ones, only two headwater sites from the 42 had improved their water quality to good or very good conditions. In the middle or low river basin sites or even in headwater localities were river flow is reduced, the important investment to build up sewage water treatment systems and plants (more than 70 in 15 years) allowed for a small recovery from poor or very poor conditions to moderate water quality. Nevertheless still a significant number (25 %) of the localities remain in poor conditions. The evolution of the quality in several points of both basins shows how the main problems for the recovery of the biological quality is due to the water diverted for small hydraulic plants, the presence of saline pollution in the Llobregat River, and the insufficient water depuration. In the smaller rivers, and specially the Besòs the lack of dilution flows from the treatment plants is the main problem for water quality recovery.

Public-private sector wage differentials by type of contract: evidence from Spain

The article examines public-private sector wage differentials in Spain using microdata from the Structure of Earnings Survey (Encuesta de Estructura Salarial). When applying various decomposition techniques, we find that it is important to distinguish by gender and type of contract. Our results also highlight the presence of a positive wage premium for public sector workers that can be partially explained by their better endowment of characteristics, in particular by the characteristics of the establishment where they work. The wage premium is greater for female and fixed-term employees and falls across the wage distribution, being negative for more highly skilled workers.

Banks, Lies and Bricks: The Determinants of Home Value Inflation in Spain during the Housing Boom

During the first decade of this century, Spain experienced the most important economic and housing boom in its recent history. This situation led the lending industry to dramatically expand through the mortgage market. The high competition among lenders caused a dramatic lowering of credit standards. During this period, lenders operating in the Spanish mortgage market artificially inflated appraised home values in order to draw larger mortgages. By doing this, lenders gave financially constrained households access to mortgage credit. In this paper, we analyze this phenomenon for this first time. To do so, we resort to a unique dataset of matched mortgage-dwelling-borrower characteristics covering the period 2004–2010. Our data allow us to construct an unbiased measure of property’s over-appraisal, since transaction prices in our data also includes any potential side payment in the transactions. Our findings indicate that i) in Spain, appraised home values were inflated on average by around 30% with respect to transaction prices; ii) creditconstrained households were more likely to be involved in mortgages with inflated house values; and iii) a regional indicator of competition in the lending market suggests that inflated appraisal values were also more likely to appear in more competitive regional mortgage markets. Keywords: Housing demand, appraisal values, house prices, housing bubble, credit constraints, mortgage market. JEL Classification: R21, R31