Establiment d'una xarxa d'estacions de seguiment mitjançant indicadors liquènics. Bases per a valorar l'impacte humà i la qualitat de l'aire al Parc Nacional d'Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici

Com a primera part de la monitorització, mitjançant el líquens com a indicadors, del Parc Nacional d'Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici, hem seleccionat, marcat i caracteritzat 20 estacions de seguiment. Les estacions han quedat establertes en els següents ambients: rouredes amb boix, bosc caducifoli mixt, fagedes, fagedes amb avet, pinedes de pi roig, avetosa, avetosa amb neret, pinedes de pi negre amb nereto amb ginebró, i roquissars, tant en roques carbonatades com àcides. Donem, com a exemple de l'estudi d¿aquestes estacions, el cas d¿una d'avetosa amb neret. El seguiment de l'evolució, en el temps, de les diferents comunitats, ens haurà de permetre correlacionar les modificacions observades en les estacions amb els canvis produïts en la qualitat de l'aire o a causa de l'impacte humà.

Fifth-order cyclicity and organic matter contents relationship (Lower Eocene, Pyrenees)

The Upper Limestone Member of the Corones Formation of the Spanish Pyrenees consists of various units (Lower and Upper Foraminifera Units, Shale Unit, Cherty-ostracode Unit, Ostracode Unit and Chara-ostracode Unit) and offers strong facies and lateral thickness (20 to 80 m) variations. Detailed facies analyses, fifth-order cycles and organic geochemical determinations in the central domain of the Corones platform carbonates (Cherty-ostracode Unit), lower Eocene in age, were carried out to establish a case of close relationship between variations in organic matter productivity and cyclicity with annual period. The Cherty-ostracode Unit displays a continuous and pervasive fifth-order cyclicity, represented by 5 cycles. Each cycle consists of a lower part (mollusc facies) and an upper part (laminated ostracode facies). The calculated fifth-order cycle period ranges from about 17,000 to 28,000 years, which falls within the Milankovitch Band. Variations in organic matter content related to these carbonate cycles have been established. The lower mollusc facies members show a low organic carbon content and Hydrogen Index (HI) below 0.6% in weight and 261, respectively. By contrast, the upper laminated ostracode facies members show high organic carbon contents (up to 2% in weight) and high HI (between 164 and 373), and are also characterized by important silicification processes (the content in chert is up to 30%). The organic geochemistry resulting from these organic rich levels reflects a contribution of algal marine input.

Bases para la aplicación de un soporte plantar en un pie equino varo

Los autores describen el plan de tratamiento ortopodológico para un pie equinovaro. Ofrecen una metodología ordenada, priorizando objetivos y diversas alternativas ortopédicas.

Motivación y conducta: Revisión y bases para una conceptualización científica en la motivación

Este trabajo constituye una revisión conceptual de las principales interpretaciones del fenómeno motivacional desde una perspectiva experimental. Después de un analisis de las principales conceptualizaciones motivacionales, se llega a formular unas posibles lineas de investigación para el futuro desarrollo de la tematica motivacional.

Bases para una museografía didáctica en los museos de arte

El articulo analiza los déficits existentes hoy en la presentación y museización del arte. Los factores que conducen a esta situación son variados y van desde la ideología dominante en el campo del patrimonio hasta el desconocimiento de tecnologías museográficas avanzadas. En todo caso, los museos de arte son, con frecuencia, la excepción en el campo de la renovación museística.

Occurrence of patulin in organic and conventional apple juice. Risk assessment

Organic foods are promoted as environmentally friendly and its consumption has become increasingly popular. Nevertheless,organic farming practices could produce commodities more susceptible to fungal attack and as a result, food with higher levels of mycotoxins. Patulin is a mycotoxin mainly present in apples and apple-based products. In this paper, we report our recent results and an update of the patulin occurrence and their risk in conventional and organic apple juices around Europe.

Recent Advances in Valorization Methods of Inorganic/Organic Solid, Liquid, and Gas Wastes

The main goal of this special issue was to gather contributions dealing with the latest breakthrough methods for providing value compounds and energy/fuel from waste valorization. Valorization is a relatively new approach in the area of industrial wastes management, a key issue to promote sustainable development. In this field, the recovery of value-added substances, such as antioxidants, proteins, vitamins, and so forth, from the processing of agroindustrial byproducts, is worth mentioning. Another important valorization approach is the use of biogas from waste treatment plants for the production of energy. Several approaches involving physical and chemical processes, thermal and biological processes that ensure reduced emissions and energy consumptions were taken into account. The papers selected for this topical issue represent some of the mostly researched methods that currently promote the valorization of wastes to energy and useful materials ...

Bases Teóricas y Herramientas para el Análisis y Comparación de Sistemas de Votación de Código Abierto

Dentro del proceso de definición de las vías de participación en el PLAN DIRECTOR DE PARTICIPACIÓN CIUDADANA 2010-2015 del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona, se plantea la necesidad de fomentar mecanismos de participación directa y a, partir de esta necesidad, se plantea el desarrollo de una aplicación de Consultas Populares.Dentro de los procesos participativos, las consultas a realizar pueden ser vinculantes y por tanto resulta de la mayor importancia fundamentar su desarrollo garantizando la corrección formal de todo el proceso.Entre los requerimientos, especificados por en Instituto Municipal de Informática, el sistema de votación a plantear debe estar cubierto por alguna de las licencias consideradas libres o de código abierto. Una de las principales características de este tipo de aplicaciones es que resulta posible la utilización y modificación del código.Como primer paso se definen los conceptos básicos implicados comenzando con la del propio concepto de e-Voting. A partir de las experiencias previas realizadas en nuestro entorno geográfico, es posible establecer que los estándares más utilizados son los generados por el Consejo de Europa, qué utilizaremos para concretar las diferentes fases de un Proceso de Consulta, los actores implicados así como las diferentes funciones a de cada uno de ellos para cada una de las fases.Sobre esta base se analizan las diferentes alternativas existentes entre lo que se denominan Esquemas de Votación. Centrándonos en el escogido como más conveniente, el Esquema de Voto Oculto, se describen las características de seguridad que permiten dar validez a un proceso de consulta realizado por este medio. Así mismo se describen los principales conceptos teóricos implicados mediante una aproximación que permita su comprensión de forma intuitiva, especialmente en lo que se refiere a las técnicas criptográficas implicadas.En tercer lugar se ha realizado una búsqueda de posibles aplicaciones que sirvan de punto de partida y se han hecho pruebas comparativas para las cuales se han adaptado las herramientas correspondientes a QSOS, relacionando los estándares especificados por el Consejo Europeo y las características de seguridad que deben cumplirse.

Bases teóricas y herramientas para el análisis y comparación de sistemas de votación de código abierto

En la propuesta de proyecto del IMI (Instituto Municipal de Informática) se fija como objetivo la definición, arquitectura y diseño de un sistema informático distribuido que permita la realización de consultas populares, garantizando la confidencialidad, seguridad, sincronía y posibilidad de acceso móvil.

Why do they separate it or not? Attitudes and behaviors towards organic waste separation

This article shows the results of an exploratory study related to the separation of organic waste in order to offer suggestions for the improvement of waste disposal communication campaigns. The overall objective is to analyze attitude and behavior of those who do and those who do not separate organic waste, related to a specific promotional campaign carried out in two neighborhoods, in the municipality of Badalona (Spain), within the framework of the study of proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors and based on the Psychosocial Four Spheres Model. 1,010 interviews were conducted and data was analyzed using Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID). Waste separation behavior was used as a dependent variable. The reasons given to explain why people do or do not separate organic waste and sociodemographic variables, have been introduced as independent variables. In accordance with the Four Spheres Model, results show significant differences in waste separation. Based on the profiles obtained, we find some predictive variables that facilitate the development of communication campaigns according to the requirements of each community.

Why do they separate it or not? Attitudes and behaviors towards organic waste separation

This article shows the results of an exploratory study related to the separation of organic waste in order to offer suggestions for the improvement of waste disposal communication campaigns. The overall objective is to analyze attitude and behavior of those who do and those who do not separate organic waste, related to a specific promotional campaign carried out in two neighborhoods, in the municipality of Badalona (Spain), within the framework of the study of proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors and based on the Psychosocial Four Spheres Model. 1,010 interviews were conducted and data was analyzed using Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID). Waste separation behavior was used as a dependent variable. The reasons given to explain why people do or do not separate organic waste and sociodemographic variables, have been introduced as independent variables. In accordance with the Four Spheres Model, results show significant differences in waste separation. Based on the profiles obtained, we find some predictive variables that facilitate the development of communication campaigns according to the requirements of each community.

Seasonal dynamics and net production of disolved organic carbon in an oligotrophic coastal environment

To understand dissolved organic carbon (DOC) seasonal dynamics in a coastal oligotrophic site in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, we monitored DOC concentrations monthly over 3 yr, together with the meteorological data and the food-web-related biological processes involved in DOC dynamics. Additional DOC samples were taken in several inshore−offshore transects along the Catalan coast. We found DOC concentrations of ~60 µmol C l−1 in winter, with increasing values through the summer and autumn and reaching 100 to 120 µmol C l−1 in November. There was high inter-annual variability in this summer DOC accumulation, with values of 36, 69 and 13 µmol C l−1 for 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The analysis of the microbial food-web processes involved in the DOC balance did not reveal the causes of this accumulation, since the only occasion on which we observed net DOC production (0.3 ± 1 µmol C l−1 d−1 on average) was in 2007, and the negative DOC balance of 2006 and 2008 did not prevent DOC accumulating. The DOC accumulation episodes coincided with low rates of water renewal (average 0.037 ± 0.021 d−1 from May to October) compared with those of winter to early spring (average 0.11 ± 0.048 d−1 from November to April). Indeed, the amount of DOC accumulated each year was inversely correlated with the average summer rainfall. We hypothesize that decreased DOC turn-over due to photochemical or biological processes mostly active during the summer and low water renewal rate combine to determine seasonal DOC accumulation and influence its inter-annual variability.

Bioavailability of sinking organic matter in the Blanes canyon and the adjacent open slope (NW Mediterranean Sea)

Submarine canyons are sites of intense energy and material exchange between the shelf and the deep adjacent basins. To test the hypothesis that active submarine canyons represent preferential conduits of available food for the deep-sea benthos, two mooring lines were deployed at 1200 m depth from November 2008 to November 2009 inside the Blanes canyon and on the adjacent open slope (Catalan Margin, NW Mediterranean Sea). We investigated the fluxes, biochemical composition and food quality of sinking organic carbon (OC). OC fluxes in the canyon and the open slope varied among sampling periods, though not onsistently in the two sites. In particular, while in the open slope the highest OC fluxes were observed in August 2009, in the canyon the highest OC fluxes occurred in AprilMay 2009. For almost the entire study period, the OC fluxes in the canyon were significantly higher than those in the open slope, whereas OC contents of sinking particles collected in the open slope were consistently higher than those in the canyon. This result confirms that submarine canyons are effective conveyors of OC to the deep sea. Particles transferred to the deep sea floor through the canyons are predominantly of inorganic origin, significantly higher than that reaching the open slope at a similar water depth. Using multivariate statistical tests, two major clusters of sampling periods were identified: one in the canyon that grouped trap samples collected in December 2008, oncurrently with the occurrence of a major storm at the sea surface, and associated with increased fluxes of nutritionally available particles from the upper shelf. Another cluster grouped samples from both the canyon and the open slope collected in March 2009, concurrently with the occurrence of the seasonal phytoplankton bloom at the sea surface, and associated with increased fluxes of total phytopigments. Our results confirm the key ecological role of submarine canyons for the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and highlight the importance of canyons in linking episodic storms and primary production occurring at the sea surface to the deep sea floor.