Mortality rates in by-caught loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta in the Mediterranean Sea and implications for the Atlantic populations

Reliable estimates of the post-release mortality probability of marine turtles after incidental by-catch are essential for assessing the impact of longline fishing on these species.Large numbers of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta from rookeries in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean have been by-caught annually in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea since the 1980s, but nothing is known about their post-release mortality probability under natural conditions. Pop-up archival transmitting tags were attached to 26 loggerhead turtles following incidental capture by Spanish longliners. Hooks were not removed, and 40 cm of line was left in place. The post-release mortality probability during the 90 d following release ranged from 0.308 to 0.365, and was independent of hook location. When the post-release mortality probability was combined with previously reported estimates of the mortality probability before hauling, the aggregated by-catch mortality probability ranged from 0.321 to 0.378. Assuming a total annual by-catch of 10656 loggerhead turtles by the Spanish longline fleet operating in the southwestern Mediterranean, by-catch results in 3421 to 4028 turtle deaths annually. This range is equivalent to 8.5−10.1% of the approximately 40000 turtles inhabiting the fishing grounds used by Spanish longliners, most of them from rookeries in the northwestern Atlantic. As a consequence, the accumulated mortality during the oceanic stage is expected to be larger for those loggerhead turtles of Atlantic origin that spend several years in the Mediterranean Sea than for turtles of the same cohort that remain in the Atlantic. For this reason, the Mediterranean can be considered a dead end for loggerhead turtle populations nesting in the Atlantic, although the actual demographic relevance of by-catch mortality of loggerhead turtles in the Mediterranean remains unknown.

External forcings, oceanographic processes and particle flux dynamics in Cap de Creus submarine canyon, NW Mediterranean Sea

Particle fluxes (including major components and grain size), and oceanographic parameters (near-bottom water temperature, current speed and suspended sediment concentration) were measured along the Cap de Creus submarine canyon in the Gulf of Lions (GoL; NW Mediterranean Sea) during two consecutive winter-spring periods (2009 2010 and 2010 2011). The comparison of data obtained with the measurements of meteorological and hydrological parameters (wind speed, turbulent heat flux, river discharge) have shown the important role of atmospheric forcings in transporting particulate matter through the submarine canyon and towards the deep sea. Indeed, atmospheric forcing during 2009 2010 and 2010 2011 winter months showed differences in both intensity and persistence that led to distinct oceanographic responses. Persistent dry northern winds caused strong heat losses (14.2 × 103 W m−2) in winter 2009 2010 that triggered a pronounced sea surface cooling compared to winter 2010 2011 (1.6 × 103 W m−2 lower). As a consequence, a large volume of dense shelf water formed in winter 2009 2010, which cascaded at high speed (up to ∼1 m s−1) down Cap de Creus Canyon as measured by a current-meter in the head of the canyon. The lower heat losses recorded in winter 2010 2011, together with an increased river discharge, resulted in lowered density waters over the shelf, thus preventing the formation and downslope transport of dense shelf water. High total mass fluxes (up to 84.9 g m−2 d−1) recorded in winter-spring 2009 2010 indicate that dense shelf water cascading resuspended and transported sediments at least down to the middle canyon. Sediment fluxes were lower (28.9 g m−2 d−1) under the quieter conditions of winter 2010 2011. The dominance of the lithogenic fraction in mass fluxes during the two winter-spring periods points to a resuspension origin for most of the particles transported down canyon. The variability in organic matter and opal contents relates to seasonally controlled inputs associated with the plankton spring bloom during March and April of both years.

Vegetative and reproductive morphology of Kallymenia patens (Kallymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea

Reproductive morphology of the Mediterranean red alga Kallymenia patens is described for the first time, confirming its position in the genus. K. patens is characterized by a non-procarpic female reproductive apparatus, carpogonial branch systems consisting of supporting cells bearing both three-celled carpogonial branches and subsidiary cells that lack a hypogynous cell and carpogonium; fusion cells develop numerous connecting filaments, and tetrasporangia are scattered over the thallus and are probably cruciately divided. Old fertile spathulate specimens of K. patens are morphologically similar to K. spathulata, but they can be distinguished by the length of spathulated proliferations (up to 0.6 cm and 6 cm, respectively), the length of inner cortical cells (up to 70 and 30 μm, respectively), and the gonimoblast location (in proliferations from the perennial part of the blade and over all the thallus surface, respectively)

Multiple processes regulate long-term population dynamics of sea urchins on Mediterranean rocky reefs

We annually monitored the abundance and size structure of herbivorous sea urchin populations (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) inside and outside a marine reserve in the Northwestern Mediterranean on two distinct habitats (boulders and vertical walls) over a period of 20 years, with the aim of analyzing changes at different temporal scales in relation to biotic and abiotic drivers. P. lividus exhibited significant variability in density over time on boulder bottoms but not on vertical walls, and temporal trends were not significantly different between the protection levels. Differences in densities were caused primarily by variance in recruitment, which was less pronounced inside the MPA and was correlated with adult density, indicating density-dependent recruitment under high predation pressure, as well as some positive feedback mechanisms that may facilitate higher urchin abundances despite higher predator abundance. Populations within the reserve were less variable in abundance and did not exhibit the hyper-abundances observed outside the reserve, suggesting that predation effects maybe more subtle than simply lowering the numbers of urchins in reserves. A. lixula densities were an order of magnitude lower than P. lividus densities and varied within sites and over time on boulder bottoms but did not differ between protection levels. In December 2008, an exceptionally violent storm reduced sea urchin densities drastically (by 50% to 80%) on boulder substrates, resulting in the lowest values observed over the entire study period, which remained at that level for at least two years (up to the present). Our results also showed great variability in the biological and physical processes acting at different temporal scales. This study highlights the need for appropriate temporal scales for studies to fully understand ecosystem functioning, the concepts of which are fundamental to successful conservation and management.

Bioavailability of sinking organic matter in the Blanes canyon and the adjacent open slope (NW Mediterranean Sea)

Submarine canyons are sites of intense energy and material exchange between the shelf and the deep adjacent basins. To test the hypothesis that active submarine canyons represent preferential conduits of available food for the deep-sea benthos, two mooring lines were deployed at 1200 m depth from November 2008 to November 2009 inside the Blanes canyon and on the adjacent open slope (Catalan Margin, NW Mediterranean Sea). We investigated the fluxes, biochemical composition and food quality of sinking organic carbon (OC). OC fluxes in the canyon and the open slope varied among sampling periods, though not onsistently in the two sites. In particular, while in the open slope the highest OC fluxes were observed in August 2009, in the canyon the highest OC fluxes occurred in AprilMay 2009. For almost the entire study period, the OC fluxes in the canyon were significantly higher than those in the open slope, whereas OC contents of sinking particles collected in the open slope were consistently higher than those in the canyon. This result confirms that submarine canyons are effective conveyors of OC to the deep sea. Particles transferred to the deep sea floor through the canyons are predominantly of inorganic origin, significantly higher than that reaching the open slope at a similar water depth. Using multivariate statistical tests, two major clusters of sampling periods were identified: one in the canyon that grouped trap samples collected in December 2008, oncurrently with the occurrence of a major storm at the sea surface, and associated with increased fluxes of nutritionally available particles from the upper shelf. Another cluster grouped samples from both the canyon and the open slope collected in March 2009, concurrently with the occurrence of the seasonal phytoplankton bloom at the sea surface, and associated with increased fluxes of total phytopigments. Our results confirm the key ecological role of submarine canyons for the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and highlight the importance of canyons in linking episodic storms and primary production occurring at the sea surface to the deep sea floor.

Deep incision in an Aptian carbonate succession indicates major sea-level fall in the Cretaceous

Long-term relative sea-level cycles (0 5 to 6 Myr) have yet to be fully understood for the Cretaceous. During the Aptian, in the northern Maestrat Basin (Eastern Iberian Peninsula), fault-controlled subsidence created depositional space, but eustasy governed changes in depositional trends. Relative sea-level history was reconstructed by sequence stratigraphic analysis. Two forced regressive stages of relative sea-level were recognized within three depositional sequences. The first stage is late Early Aptian age (intra Dufrenoyia furcata Zone) and is characterized by foreshore to upper shoreface sedimentary wedges, which occur detached from a highstand carbonate platform, and were deposited above basin marls. The amplitude of relative sea-level drop was in the order of tens of metres, with a duration of <1 Myr. The second stage of relative sea-level fall occurred within the Late Aptian and is recorded by an incised valley that, when restored to its pre-contractional attitude, was >2 km wide and cut 115 m down into the underlying Aptian succession. With the subsequent transgression, the incision was back-filled with peritidal to shallow subtidal deposits. The changes in depositional trends, lithofacies evolution and geometric relation of the stratigraphic units characterized are similar to those observed in coeval rocks within the Maestrat Basin, as well as in other correlative basins elsewhere. The pace and magnitude of the two relative sea-level drops identified fall within the glacio-eustatic domain. In the Maestrat Basin, terrestrial palynological studies provide evidence that the late Early and Late Aptian climate was cooler than the earliest part of the Early Aptian and the Albian Stage, which were characterized by warmer environmental conditions. The outcrops documented here are significant because they preserve the results of Aptian long-term sea-level trends that are often only recognizable on larger scales (i.e. seismic) such as for the Arabian Plate.

Deep incision in an Aptian carbonate succession indicates major sea-level fall in the Cretaceous

Long-term relative sea-level cycles (0 5 to 6 Myr) have yet to be fully understood for the Cretaceous. During the Aptian, in the northern Maestrat Basin (Eastern Iberian Peninsula), fault-controlled subsidence created depositional space, but eustasy governed changes in depositional trends. Relative sea-level history was reconstructed by sequence stratigraphic analysis. Two forced regressive stages of relative sea-level were recognized within three depositional sequences. The first stage is late Early Aptian age (intra Dufrenoyia furcata Zone) and is characterized by foreshore to upper shoreface sedimentary wedges, which occur detached from a highstand carbonate platform, and were deposited above basin marls. The amplitude of relative sea-level drop was in the order of tens of metres, with a duration of <1 Myr. The second stage of relative sea-level fall occurred within the Late Aptian and is recorded by an incised valley that, when restored to its pre-contractional attitude, was >2 km wide and cut 115 m down into the underlying Aptian succession. With the subsequent transgression, the incision was back-filled with peritidal to shallow subtidal deposits. The changes in depositional trends, lithofacies evolution and geometric relation of the stratigraphic units characterized are similar to those observed in coeval rocks within the Maestrat Basin, as well as in other correlative basins elsewhere. The pace and magnitude of the two relative sea-level drops identified fall within the glacio-eustatic domain. In the Maestrat Basin, terrestrial palynological studies provide evidence that the late Early and Late Aptian climate was cooler than the earliest part of the Early Aptian and the Albian Stage, which were characterized by warmer environmental conditions. The outcrops documented here are significant because they preserve the results of Aptian long-term sea-level trends that are often only recognizable on larger scales (i.e. seismic) such as for the Arabian Plate.

Sea state effect on the sea surface emissivity at L-band

In May 1999, the European Space Agency (ESA) selected the Earth Explorer Opportunity Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission to obtain global and frequent soil moisture and ocean salinity maps. SMOS' single payload is the Microwave Imaging Radiometer by Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS), an L-band two-dimensional aperture synthesis radiometer with multiangular observation capabilities. At L-band, the brightness temperature sensitivity to the sea surface salinity (SSS) is low, approximately 0.5 K/psu at 20/spl deg/C, decreasing to 0.25 K/psu at 0/spl deg/C, comparable to that to the wind speed /spl sim/0.2 K/(m/s) at nadir. However, at a given time, the sea state does not depend only on local winds, but on the local wind history and the presence of waves traveling from far distances. The Wind and Salinity Experiment (WISE) 2000 and 2001 campaigns were sponsored by ESA to determine the impact of oceanographic and atmospheric variables on the L-band brightness temperature at vertical and horizontal polarizations. This paper presents the results of the analysis of three nonstationary sea state conditions: growing and decreasing sea, and the presence of swell. Measured sea surface spectra are compared with the theoretical ones, computed using the instantaneous wind speed. Differences can be minimized using an "effective wind speed" that makes the theoretical spectrum best match the measured one. The impact on the predicted brightness temperatures is then assessed using the small slope approximation/small perturbation method (SSA/SPM).

Proyecto de diseño de las instalaciones de climatización y eléctrica de un local destinado a tareas de laboratorio y oficinas para una industria cerámica

El objetivo del presente proyecto será el definir, en su totalidad, las instalaciones de climatización/ventilación y eléctrica, de un local destinado a realizar las tareas de laboratorio de resistencia de materiales y oficinas para una industria cerámica. Esta iniciativa nace como una necesidad de este tipo de empresas a ofrecer unos productos de mayor calidad que la competencia, bastante dura en la zona donde se encuentran. Aún y la existencia de laboratorios homologados que ofrecen este tipo de servicios, se cree necesario este tipo de instalaciones, basados en la investigación de nuevos materiales y/o productos, pudiendo así ofrecer al cliente las máximas garantías de calidad de los productos finales obtenidos.

Proyecto de instalación de depuradora para el tratamiento de 1200 m3/día de aguas residuales procedentes de industria de matadero de aves y sala de despiece anexa situados en el T.M. de Bellvís (Pla d’Urgell)

Se considera existente una Unidad Industrial Agraria de Matadero y Sala de Despiece Anexa que consecuencia de los incrementos de matanza y despiece precisa una nueva instalación de depuración de sus aguas residuales, dado que las actuales han quedado obsoletas y no permiten alcanzar los límites de vertido que impone la legislación vigente. Se redacta el presente proyecto en base a la solicitud de la licencia de obras del Proyecto de Instalación de Estación Depuradora de Aguas Residuales (EDAR) con capacidad de tratamiento de 1200 m3/día, que posteriormente se justifica. Dicho proyecto se contempla como un cambio no sustancial dado que se plantea como la sustitución de los equipos actuales de depuración por nuevos equipos que permitan adecuarse a las nuevas condiciones de vertido, mucho más estrictas que las autorizadas actualmente, sin que ello provoque ninguna modificación significativa en los aspectos ambientales y de definición de la actividad principal (matadero y Sala despiece) ya perfectamente legalizada desde el año 1990. Es fundamental indicar que se actúa sobre los equipos de depuración de aguas y tratamiento de fangos, siendo por tanto una sustitución sumamente positiva y que no implica un incremento en los residuos generados sino todo lo contrario. Por parte de Avícola del Pla. se proyecta la nueva EDAR en terrenos de su propiedad que dispone en las parcelas núm. 40 y 41 del polígono 08 de Bellvís.

Estudi de l’efecte de l’aigua de reg en la producció i qualitat de préssec per a industria (4rt any experimental)

El Projecte forma part d’un estudi plurianual, en el que participen l’ETSEA UdL, el centre UdL - IRTA de R+D i les empreses INDULLEIDA, S.A. i LAB – FERRER. Es tracta d’un projecte INIA de R+D el qual es centra en l’estudi i desenvolupament de diferents estratègies de reg i de diferents estratègies d’adobat nitrogenat. El present PFC es centra en l’estudi de les estratègies de reg. D’aquesta manera s’estableixen 3 tractaments diferents de reg (un tractament de reg complert i dos tractaments de reg deficitari controlat) i s’estudia la resposta del cultiu en relació a la producció i qualitat del fruit.

Industria de la elaboración del jamón curado

La presente Memoria, así como los planos y demás documentos que integran éste Proyecto, tienen por objeto describir y valorar las diferentes unidades de obras e instalaciones, necesarias para la edificación de una Nave Industrial ubicada en las Parcelas C-1 y C-2 del Polígono Industrial Portalada II de Logroño (La Rioja), dedicada a la elaboración y comercialización de las piezas de jamón curado, con una producción anual de 52.000 piezas de jamón. En todo momento se tendrá en cuenta la calidad higiénica del producto, de las instalaciones y del personal a lo largo de todo el proceso, ya que es un factor fundamental en las industrias alimentarias.

Unas reflexiones sobre localización industrial aplicadas a la industria catalana

El trabajo es una reflexión sobre las pautas de localización industrial,con una especial referencia a la industria de la economía catalana. En el estudio se realiza una revisión de los principales factores explicativos de la localización y aglomeración industrial defendidos por las teorías de la localización. Con estos argumentos de base, posteriormente el análisis se aplica a una división de catorce grandes sectores industriales catalanes. El objetivo es llegar a conclusiones acerca de si los sectores en los que la industria catalana muestra mayor grado de especialización son también aquellos que, a tenor de los principales factores que inciden en la localización industrial, tienen mayor riesgo de sufrir futuras deslocalizaciones.

La intensidad comercial de la industria catalana con el resto de España y la Unión Europea: capacidades y potencialidades

El artículo analiza la intensidad comercial de los sectores industriales catalanes durante el periodo 1987-2001 en relación a los dos principales mercados de destino: el resto de España y la UE, con la finalidad de determinar sus capacidades y potencialidades. El estudio ha detectado, en primer lugar, que dicha intensidad aún sien- do superior con el resto de España se ha intensificado en mayor medida con los países de la UE. En segundo lugar, que el principal factor explicativo no es la existencia de una complementariedad entre la demanda de importaciones de estos territorios y la oferta de exportaciones catalanas, sino la existencia de elementos ligados con la proximidad geográfica y/o cultural, lo cual muestra que, en conjunto, la industria catalana sigue refugiándose en estos mercados. A nivel sectorial, los sectores que han aplicado la estrategia de incrementar la complementariedad comercial son los que muestran mayores potencialidades para ampliar su cuota de mercado.

La significación de un medio innovador local dentro de la industria de fabricación de muebles de Galicia: A Estrada (Pontevedra)

En este trabajo intentamos comprobar, entre otros factores, la configuración de medios innovadores a escala local, donde se forma una red de empresas, se aplica un saber tradicional, una cultura y un capital social que se adapta perfectamente a los mercados internacionales más competitivos. Concretamente, el municipio objeto de estudio, A Estrada (Pontevedra), presenta un desarrollo económico apoyado en la fabricación de muebles.