Paranoia and post-traumatic stress disorder in the months after a physical assault: a longitudinal study examining shared and differential predictors.

Background: Being physically assaulted is known to increase the risk of the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms but it may also skew judgements about the intentions of other people. The objectives of the study were to assess paranoia and PTSD after an assault and to test whether theory-derived cognitive factors predicted the persistence of these problems. Method: At 4 weeks after hospital attendance due to an assault, 106 people were assessed on multiple symptom measures (including virtual reality) and cognitive factors from models of paranoia and PTSD. The symptom measures were repeated 3 and 6 months later. Results: Factor analysis indicated that paranoia and PTSD were distinct experiences, though positively correlated. At 4 weeks, 33% of participants met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, falling to 16% at follow-up. Of the group at the first assessment, 80% reported that since the assault they were excessively fearful of other people, which over time fell to 66%. Almost all the cognitive factors (including information-processing style during the trauma, mental defeat, qualities of unwanted memories, self-blame, negative thoughts about self, worry, safety behaviours, anomalous internal experiences and cognitive inflexibility) predicted later paranoia and PTSD, but there was little evidence of differential prediction. Conclusions: Paranoia after an assault may be common and distinguishable from PTSD but predicted by a strikingly similar range of factors.

The evolution of post-zygotic isolation barriers by immune-triggered hybrid incompatibilities in Arabidopsis thaliana

A long-standing question in evolutionary biology is what defines a species. The biological species concept considers a species as a population of individuals that interbreeds freely and produces viable offspring. Therefore, reproductive isolation is the essence of species. Hybrid necrosis is one form of post-zygotic reproductive isolation. In this chapter, we summarize what is known to date about this phenomenon and highlight progress made in the understanding of these immune-triggered hybrid incompatibilities through our research in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana.

The evolution of post-zygotic isolation barriers by immune-triggered hybrid incompatibilities in Arabidopsis thaliana

A long-standing question in evolutionary biology is what defines a species. The biological species concept considers a species as a population of individuals that interbreeds freely and produces viable offspring. Therefore, reproductive isolation is the essence of species. Hybrid necrosis is one form of post-zygotic reproductive isolation. In this chapter, we summarize what is known to date about this phenomenon and highlight progress made in the understanding of these immune-triggered hybrid incompatibilities through our research in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana.

Predictors of psychiatric hospitalization during 6 months of maintenance treatment with olanzapine long-acting injection: post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind study.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalization is a costly and distressing event associated with relapse during schizophrenia treatment. No information is available on the predictors of psychiatric hospitalization during maintenance treatment with olanzapine long-acting injection (olanzapine-LAI) or how the risk of hospitalization differs between olanzapine-LAI and oral olanzapine. This study aimed to identify the predictors of psychiatric hospitalization during maintenance treatment with olanzapine-LAI and assessed four parameters: hospitalization prevalence, incidence rate, duration, and the time to first hospitalization. Olanzapine-LAI was also compared with a sub-therapeutic dose of olanzapine-LAI and with oral olanzapine. METHODS: This was a post hoc exploratory analysis of data from a randomized, double-blind study comparing the safety and efficacy of olanzapine-LAI (pooled active depot groups: 405 mg/4 weeks, 300 mg/2 weeks, and 150 mg/2 weeks) with oral olanzapine and sub-therapeutic olanzapine-LAI (45 mg/4 weeks) during 6 months' maintenance treatment of clinically stable schizophrenia outpatients (n=1064). The four psychiatric hospitalization parameters were analyzed for each treatment group. Within the olanzapine-LAI group, patients with and without hospitalization were compared on baseline characteristics. Logistic regression and Cox's proportional hazards models were used to identify the best predictors of hospitalization. Comparisons between the treatment groups employed descriptive statistics, the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox's proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Psychiatric hospitalization was best predicted by suicide threats in the 12 months before baseline and by prior hospitalization. Compared with sub-therapeutic olanzapine-LAI, olanzapine-LAI was associated with a significantly lower hospitalization rate (5.2% versus 11.1%, p < 0.01), a lower mean number of hospitalizations (0.1 versus 0.2, p = 0.01), a shorter mean duration of hospitalization (1.5 days versus 2.9 days, p < 0.01), and a similar median time to first hospitalization (35 versus 60 days, p = 0.48). Olanzapine-LAI did not differ significantly from oral olanzapine on the studied hospitalization parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In clinically stable schizophrenia outpatients receiving olanzapine-LAI maintenance treatment, psychiatric hospitalization was best predicted by a history of suicide threats and prior psychiatric hospitalization. Olanzapine-LAI was associated with a significantly lower incidence of psychiatric hospitalization and shorter duration of hospitalization compared with sub-therapeutic olanzapine-LAI. Olanzapine-LAI did not differ significantly from oral olanzapine on hospitalization parameters.

Ralstonia solanacearum, a widespread bacterial plant pathogen in the post-genomic era

Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne bacterium causing the widespread disease known as bacterial wilt. Ralstonia solanacearum is also the causal agent of Moko disease of banana and brown rot of potato. Since the last R. solanacearum pathogen profile was published 10 years ago, studies concerning this plant pathogen have taken a genomic and post-genomic direction. This was pioneered by the first sequenced and annotated genome for a major plant bacterial pathogen and followed by many more genomes in subsequent years. All molecular features studied now have a genomic flavour. In the future, this will help in connecting the classical field of pathology and diversity studies with the gene content of specific strains. In this review, we summarize the recent research on this bacterial pathogen, including strain classification, host range, pathogenicity determinants, regulation of virulence genes, type III effector repertoire, effector-triggered immunity, plant signalling in response to R. solanacearum, as well as a review of different new pathosystems.

Evolución de los conocimientos acerca de los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario, a través de una intervención educativa en estudiantes de enseñanza post-obligatoria

Introducción: A pesar de ser considerados eventos infrecuentes en comparación a otros estados patológicos relacionados con la alimentación, en los últimos años y en diferentes países, se constata un incremento de las tasas de incidencia y prevalencia de los Tras - tornos del Comportamiento Alimentario; la mayoría de estudios que analizan los factores que pueden influir en su aparición, suelen implicar a jóvenes y adolescentes de poblaciones pre-mórbidas o mórbidas, siendo menos frecuentes los realizados sobre población sana y estándar. Objetivos: Evaluar el nivel de conocimientos acerca de los Trastornos del Comportamiento Alimentario y comprobar la eficacia de una intervención educativa, en jóvenes de una población presumiblemente sana. Métodos: Estudio de intervención con evaluación pre y post intervención, a través de un cuestionario previamente validado de 10 preguntas cerradas y abiertas, en estudiantes de Fisioterapia, Educación Infantil y Hostelería. Resultados: Respondieron el cuestionario inicial 154 estu diantes, 85 universitarios y 39 de ciclo formativo en Hostelería, mayoritariamente mujeres (68%) y con una edad media de 20,8 años. Los estudiantes demostraron un nivel medio de conocimientos inicial, mayor en las mujeres y en los estudiantes universitarios que en los de formación profesional. Los factores de riesgo y las manifestaciones clínicas fueron los aspectos menos conocidos por los estudiantes. La intervención educativa realizada en los 35 estudiantes de Hostelería que participaron en el taller y respondieron el cuestionario post-intervención, consiguió elevar el nivel de conocimientos hasta una calificación media superior a la inicial y a la de los grupos en que no se realizó la intervención. Discusión y conclusiones: A pesar de que la intervención realizada resultó eficaz para mejorar el nivel de conocimientos en muchos de los participantes, los resultados del cuestionario post-intervención revelan la necesidad de educar a los jóvenes en los rasgos que definen y caracterizan un Trastorno del Compor tamiento Alimen - tario, adaptando el abordaje de los mismos a su realidad social. La inclusión de temas relacionados con la nutrición y la salud en los programas curriculares de los estudios post-obligatorios mejoraría el nivel de conocimientos entre los futuros profesionales de los ámbitos de la salud, la educación y la hostelería/restauración.

Les perspectives post-crisi

El 29 d'abril el conseller d'Empresa i Ocupació deia que l'objectiu és aconseguir que l'any 2020 el pes dels sectors industrials en el PIB català arribi al 25%. La declaració oficial és que el govern aposta per una indústria més intensiva en innovació, en talent i inserida en l'economia global. Segons el govern es passa d'una declaració d'intencions a accions concretes d'aplicació immediata [...]