Malestar psicològic i somatització en els pacients immigrants africans, a les consultes d’atenció primària

Objectiu. Estudiar la relació entre els símptomes somàtics que presenten els pacients immigrants a les consultes d'atenció primària amb els factors de risc psicosocials que viuen. Els participants són immigrants magrebins (n=57) i subsaharians (n=57) pacients d'atenció primària. Mètode. Estudi quantitatiu, s'han administrat tres qüestionaris; el DPSI (Ritsner, 1995) per estudiar els factors psicosocials del procés migratori, el BSI-versió espanyola (Ruipérez, 2001) i l'SSI (Escobar, 1989) per estudiar el grau de simptomatologia psicopatològica i concretament el grau de somatització. Resultats. Puntuacions elevades en l'índex general i l'escala de somatització del BSI. En el DPSI no s'obtenen puntuacions elevades, tampoc en l'SSI. Correlació significativa entre els resultats del DPSI i de les escales BSI i SSI en el cas dels magrebins. Discussió i conclusions. S'observa un clar mal estat de salut en els dos grups, tot i que els factors de risc psicosocial que comporta la immigració tenen una repercussió més clara a nivell de malestar psicològic i somàtic en els pacients magrebins. En tota la mostra s'aprecia un empitjorament de l'estat de salut després d'haver immigrat. Els subsaharians perceben més els factors de risc, però tenen millor salut i millor adaptació.

The marmora used in the imperial cult area of Tarraco (Hispania Citerior)

The imperial cult area of Tarraco was built in the 1st century AD in the highest part of the city and presided over the seat of the Concilium Prouinciae Hispaniae Citerioris. It was a temenos with a similar layout to that of the Forum Pacis and architectural decoration imitating that of the Forum Augustum in Rome, where the use of marble was a fundamental part of the architectural and sculptural decorative programme. An extensive assemblage of marble was recovered during the excavations carried out under the Tarragona Cathedral Master Plan. It reflects the use of imperial quarries in the decorative programme and has been analyzed at the Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics (ICAC) facilities. This assemblage reflects the wide panorama of marmora imported and used in the decoration of the temenos. Local varieties of marmora have been identified in Tarraco, plus a series of foreign marmora from quarries all over the Roman Empire (Greece, Turkey, Egypt and North Africa). All this shows the involvement of the imperial power in the monumental architecture of the capital of the prouincia Hispania Citerior.

Realismo, Antropología Jurídica y derechos. Entrevista a Ignasi Terradas i Saborit

Ignasi Terradas i Saborit, uno de los referentes más destacados de la Antropología Jurídica, se desempeña como Catedrático de Antropología en el Departamento de Antropología Cultural e Historia de América y África de la Universidad de Barcelona. Es autor de numerosos artículos especializados, así como de libros entre los que cabe citar: Antropología del campesino catalán (Barcelona, 1973); La colonia industrial com a particularisme històric: L 'Ametlla de Merola (Barcelona, 1979); El Món històric de les masies: conjectures generals i casos particulars (Barcelona, 1984); Mal natural, mal social. Introducción a la teoría de las ciencias humanas (Barcelona, 1988); Revolución y religiosidad: textos para una reflexión en torno a la Revolución francesa (Valencia, 1990); Eliza Kendall: reflexiones sobre una antibiografia (Bellaterra,1992); Réquiem Toda: ensayo de comprensión de las costumbres históricas de los Toda ante la muerte (Barcelona, 1995);Antropología Jurídica (Santiago de Compostela, 1999).

La vorera d'enfront : trajectòries migratòries a l'Algèria colonial

Des dels inicis de l'ocupació francesa d'Algèria, a les acaballes de la primera meitat del segle XIX, un gran nombre de valencians, menorquins, andalusos i murcians, fugint de la misèria i de la fam o com a conseqüència de la inestabilitat política i social d'Espanya, es dirigiren al país magrebí a la cerca d'una vida millor. Aquesta migració es perllongà al llarg de més d'un segle, i es va caracteritzar pel seu dinamisme: un flux continu d'entrades i eixides i una gran heterogeneïtat de procedències. L'amalgama creada a l'Algèria colonial amb la coexistència i interacció de diferents realitats culturals, donà lloc a un nou sentiment d'identitat dins la comunitat d'origen europeu, impulsat per una solidaritat espontània dirigida a assolir una estabilitat econòmica i de subsistència, però també per un esforç polític premeditat de l'administració colonial francesa adreçat a cohesionar, mitjançant la francització, els europeus i jueus del país nord-africà

Dynamic model of the left ventricle for use in simulation of myocardial perfusion SPECT and gated SPECT

Simulation is a useful tool in cardiac SPECT to assess quantification algorithms. However, simple equation-based models are limited in their ability to simulate realistic heart motion and perfusion. We present a numerical dynamic model of the left ventricle, which allows us to simulate normal and anomalous cardiac cycles, as well as perfusion defects. Bicubic splines were fitted to a number of control points to represent endocardial and epicardial surfaces of the left ventricle. A transformation from each point on the surface to a template of activity was made to represent the myocardial perfusion. Geometry-based and patient-based simulations were performed to illustrate this model. Geometry-based simulations modeled ~1! a normal patient, ~2! a well-perfused patient with abnormal regional function, ~3! an ischaemic patient with abnormal regional function, and ~4! a patient study including tracer kinetics. Patient-based simulation consisted of a left ventricle including a realistic shape and motion obtained from a magnetic resonance study. We conclude that this model has the potential to study the influence of several physical parameters and the left ventricle contraction in myocardial perfusion SPECT and gated-SPECT studies.

Inmigrantes menores de edad en Cataluña: un reto para las instituciones educativas

La llegada de menores inmigrantes procedentes principalmente de África, ha comportado que en España, y concretamente en Cataluña, las instituciones públicas y privadas se planteen cómo atenderles. La respuesta dada desde la administración catalana se ha caracterizado por una evolución desde el uso de las estructuras existentes hasta la propuesta más reciente de creación de nuevos centros ante la dificultad de dar una respuesta adecuada con lo existente. El artículo que presentamos analiza, a partir de grupos de discusión con los profesionales de los centros que acogían a estos menores, cómo se ha vivido esta presencia y qué retos estructurales (adaptación a las demandas, idoneidad de crear centros específicos para estos menores y/o contar con la presencia de educadores que pertenezcan o conozcan la cultura de origen de estos menores, etc.) y formativos ha planteado.

Diet-related buccal dental microwear patterns in central african pygmy foragers and bantu-speaking farmer and pastoralist populations.

Pygmy hunter-gatherers from Central Africa have shared a network of socioeconomic interactions with non-Pygmy Bantu speakers since agropastoral lifestyle spread across sub-Saharan Africa. Ethnographic studies have reported that their diets differ in consumption of both animal proteins and starch grains. Hunted meat and gathered plant foods, especially underground storage organs (USOs), are dietary staples for pygmies. However, scarce information exists about forager-farmer interaction and the agricultural products used by pygmies. Since the effects of dietary preferences on teeth in modern and past pygmies remain unknown, we explored dietary history through quantitative analysis of buccal microwear on cheek teeth in well-documented Baka pygmies. We then determined if microwear patterns differ among other Pygmy groups (Aka, Mbuti, and Babongo) and between Bantu-speaking farmer and pastoralist populations from past centuries. The buccal dental microwear patterns of Pygmy hunter-gatherers and non-Pygmy Bantu pastoralists show lower scratch densities, indicative of diets more intensively based on nonabrasive foodstuffs, compared with Bantu farmers, who consume larger amounts of grit from stoneground foods. The Baka pygmies showed microwear patterns similar to those of ancient Aka and Mbuti, suggesting that the mechanical properties of their preferred diets have not significantly changed through time. In contrast, Babongo pygmies showed scratch densities and lengths similar to those of the farmers, consistent with sociocultural contacts and genetic factors. Our findings support that buccal microwear patterns predict dietary habits independent of ecological conditions and reflect the abrasive properties of preferred or fallback foods such as USOs, which may have contributed to the dietary specializations of ancient human populations.

Emilio Huguet del Villar

El día 21 de enero de 1951 falleció en Rabat Huguet del Villar. Había nacido en 1871, en la ciudad vallesana de Granollers. Formado científicamente en los Estados Unidos, residió en Madrid durante gran parte de su vida, y pasó los últimos años de ella en el África septentrional francesa. Dotado de fuerte personalidad, ante la que se inclinan en este momento los portavoces científicos por encima de nacionalidades y de escuelas, Huguet del Villar, en muchos aspectos autodidacta, se labró, paso a paso, una posición distinguida entre los trabajadores de la ciencia.

Population Size and Civil Conflict Risk: Is There A Causal Link?

[spa] La estimación del impacto del tamaño de la populación sobre la probabilidad de conflicto civil se complica por el sesgo de endogeneidad y las variables omitidas. Este artículo trata el problema de causalidad utilizando métodos de variables instrumentales en un panel de 37 países del África Sub-sahariana en el período 1981-2004. Encontramos que un aumento de la población en un 1% aumenta la probabilidad de conflicto civil por un 5.2%.

Sobre la planta del genero 'Crassula' descubierta en el Baix Llobregat

En 1969 dos de nosotros (TERRADAS y VIGO) dimos cuenta en una publicación titulada 'Sobre la vegetación de la zona de acantilados del Baix Llobregat' del hallazgo en dicha región de una planta del género Crassula que resultó especie nueva para la flora de Europa. De acuerdo con las indagaciones que pudimos llevar a cabo entonces, llegamos a la conclusión de que la planta descubierta por nosotros debía considerarse como muy afín de Crassula pentandra (Royle ex Edgew) Schoenl., especie extendida por el África tropical y la India, y la describimos bajo el nombre de Crassula pentandra subsp. catalaunica. Los caracteres que separan esta planta de Crassula pentandra típica, especificados en la publicación mencionada, corresponden a diferencias cuantitativas de orden general y, más especialmente, en el menor tamaño de las piezas florales así como de los frutos y semillas

Presència d’Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan a Balears

We report on the presence of Asparagopsis taxiformis Trevisan (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta) in the coasts of the Balearic Islands. Although it was previously collected in several Mediterranean localitiesfrom the North of Africa, our record seems to be the first one for European waters

Clinico-Pathological discrepancies in the Diagnosis of Causes of Maternal Death in Sub-Saharan Africa: Retrospective Analysis

Background Maternal mortality is a major public-health problem in developing countries. Extreme differences in maternal mortality rates between developed and developing countries indicate that most of these deaths are preventable. Most information on the causes of maternal death in these areas is based on clinical records and verbal autopsies. Clinical diagnostic errors may play a significant role in this problem and might also have major implications for the evaluation of current estimations of causes of maternal death. Methods and Findings A retrospective analysis of clinico-pathologic correlation was carried out, using necropsy as the gold standard for diagnosis. All maternal autopsies (n ¼ 139) during the period from October 2002 to December 2004 at the Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique were included and major diagnostic discrepancies were analyzed (i.e., those involving the cause of death). Major diagnostic errors were detected in 56 (40.3%) maternal deaths. A high rate of false negative diagnoses was observed for infectious diseases, which showed sensitivities under 50%: HIV/AIDS-related conditions (33.3%), pyogenic bronchopneumonia (35.3%), pyogenic meningitis (40.0%), and puerperal septicemia (50.0%). Eclampsia, was the main source of false positive diagnoses, showing a low predictive positive value (42.9%). Conclusions Clinico-pathological discrepancies may have a significant impact on maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and question the validity of reports based on clinical data or verbal autopsies. Increasing clinical awareness of the impact of obstetric and nonobstetric infections with their inclusion in the differential diagnosis, together with a thorough evaluation of cases clinically thought to be eclampsia, could have a significant impact on the reduction of maternal mortality.

Clinico-Pathological discrepancies in the Diagnosis of Causes of Maternal Death in Sub-Saharan Africa: Retrospective Analysis

Background Maternal mortality is a major public-health problem in developing countries. Extreme differences in maternal mortality rates between developed and developing countries indicate that most of these deaths are preventable. Most information on the causes of maternal death in these areas is based on clinical records and verbal autopsies. Clinical diagnostic errors may play a significant role in this problem and might also have major implications for the evaluation of current estimations of causes of maternal death. Methods and Findings A retrospective analysis of clinico-pathologic correlation was carried out, using necropsy as the gold standard for diagnosis. All maternal autopsies (n ¼ 139) during the period from October 2002 to December 2004 at the Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique were included and major diagnostic discrepancies were analyzed (i.e., those involving the cause of death). Major diagnostic errors were detected in 56 (40.3%) maternal deaths. A high rate of false negative diagnoses was observed for infectious diseases, which showed sensitivities under 50%: HIV/AIDS-related conditions (33.3%), pyogenic bronchopneumonia (35.3%), pyogenic meningitis (40.0%), and puerperal septicemia (50.0%). Eclampsia, was the main source of false positive diagnoses, showing a low predictive positive value (42.9%). Conclusions Clinico-pathological discrepancies may have a significant impact on maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and question the validity of reports based on clinical data or verbal autopsies. Increasing clinical awareness of the impact of obstetric and nonobstetric infections with their inclusion in the differential diagnosis, together with a thorough evaluation of cases clinically thought to be eclampsia, could have a significant impact on the reduction of maternal mortality.

La brúixola de les papallones

QUAN ARRIBA LA PRIMAVERA MOLTS INDRETS DE CATALUNYA s"omplen amb la xiscladissa de les orenetes que vénen de l"Àfrica, on han anat a passar l"hivern. Fa temps que es coneix amb cert detall el mecanisme que utilitzen els ocells migradors per orientar-se. Però hi ha altres animals que també migren dels quals encara es desconeixen els mecanismes d"orientació. Uns dels més famosos per les seves migracions són les papallones monarca (Danaus plexippus), tant per l"enorme quantitat d"aquests insectes lepidòpters que migren simultàniament, que fa que el cel s"enfosqueixi, com pel llarg recorregut que fan, de milers de quilòmetres. A la tardor (setembre i octubre) les papallones monarca d"Occident realitzen el seu viatge de migració des del Canadà fins a la costa de Califòrnia, als Estats Units, per passar l"hivern en petits boscos d"eucaliptus. Les papallones monarca d"orient viatgen al centre de Mèxic per passar l"hivern als boscos d"oyamel i pi per sobre dels 3.000 metres als estats de Mèxic i Michoacán.

North African populations carry the signature of admixture with Neandertals

One of the main findings derived from the analysis of the Neandertal genome was the evidence for admixture between Neandertals and non-African modern humans. An alternative scenario is that the ancestral population of non-Africans was closer to Neandertals than to Africans because of ancient population substructure. Thus, the study of North African populations is crucial for testing both hypotheses. We analyzed a total of 780,000 SNPs in 125 individuals representing seven different North African locations and searched for their ancestral/derived state in comparison to different human populations and Neandertals. We found that North African populations have a significant excess of derived alleles shared with Neandertals, when compared to sub-Saharan Africans. This excess is similar to that found in non-African humans, a fact that can be interpreted as a sign of Neandertal admixture. Furthermore, the Neandertal's genetic signal is higher in populations with a local, pre-Neolithic North African ancestry. Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.