Self-selection consistent functions

This paper studies collective choice rules whose outcomes consist of a collection of simultaneous decisions, each one of which is the only concern of some group of individuals in society. The need for such rules arises in different contexts, including the establishment of jurisdictions, the location of multiple public facilities, or the election of representative committees. We define a notion of allocation consistency requiring that each partial aspect of the global decision taken by society as a whole should be ratified by the group of agents who are directly concerned with this particular aspect. We investigate the possibility of designing envy-free allocation consistent rules, we also explore whether such rules may also respect the Condorcet criterion.

Optimal regulation of specialized medical care in a mixed system

We study the optimal public intervention in setting minimum standards of formation for specialized medical care. The abilities the physicians obtain by means of their training allow them to improve their performance as providers of cure and earn some monopoly rents.. Our aim is to characterize the most efficient regulation in this field taking into account different regulatory frameworks. We find that the existing situation in some countries, in which the amount of specialization is controlled, and the costs of this process of specialization are publicly financed, can be supported as the best possible intervention.

Estructura metropolitana y funciones de densidad residencial. El caso de la región metropolitana de Barcelona

La relación que se establece entre el nivel de densidad residencial y la accesibilidad al lugar de empleo en el interior de una área urbana parece ser más compleja que la supuesta en el Modelo de Ciudad Monocéntrica. Las estimaciones de funciones de densidad residencial más simples, sustentadas en un modelo teórico que suponía una concentración total del empleo en el distrito central y que utilizaban como única medida de accesibilidad la distancia al centro, han dado paso a estimaciones más sofisticadas donde la distancia al centro no es la única medida de accesibilidad utilizada, la función de densidad es más flexible y la densidad no sólo se explica en función de la accesibilidad.

Recent trends in Spanish income distribution: a robust picture of falling income inequality

Income distribution in Spain has experienced a substantial improvement towards equalisation during the second half of the seventies and the eighties; a period during which most OECD countries experienced the opposite trend. In spite of the many recent papers on the Spanish income distribution, the period covered by those stops in 1990. The aim of this paper is to extent the analysis to 1996 employing the same methodology and the same data set (ECPF). Our results not only corroborate the (decreasing inequality) trend found by others during the second half of the eighties, but also suggest that this trend extends over the first half of the nineties. We also show that our main conclusions are robust to changes in the equivalence scale, to changes in the definition of income and to potential data contamination. Finally, we analyse some of the causes which may be driving the overall picture of income inequality using two decomposition techniques. From this analyses three variables emerge as the major responsible factors for the observed improvement in the income distribution: education, household composition and socioeconomic situation of the household head.

Necesidad de formación en el mercado de trabajo español: composición del empleo y estructura productiva

Este trabajo estudia las intensas transformaciones que se han producido en la composición del empleo español por niveles de educación y por categoría profesional. Mediante una técnica de descomposición “shift-share” se desagregan los efectos inputados al cambio técnico sesgado y al cambio técnico desigual, y se advierte que, en la segunda mitad de los noventa, se ha producido una ruptura con la pauta de comportamiento anterior. En efecto, a partir de 1995, el incremento de participación total del empleo cualificado ha venido determinado con mucha mayor intensidad que en períodos anteriores por el cambio técnico sesgado. Cuando, en cambio, esta influencia se examina desde la perspectiva de la recomposición del empleo por categoría profesional se observa que ha sido mucho menor. Ello permite introducir, aunque de manera muy preliminar, la hipótesis de sobreeducación en el mercado de trabajo español, que según los resultados obtenidos y como es de esperar, sólo afectaría a los colectivos más formados con relación a las categorías profesionales con empleos no manuales.

Distribución de la actividad económica y estructura urbana: el caso de la región metropolitana de Barcelona

La RMB es una ciudad de tipo policéntrico en la que resaltan unas ciudades de tamaño medio con elevada presencia de actividad económica y que, en muchos casos, destacan por sus dinámicas de crecimiento endógeno. El objetivo de esta investigación era hallar evidencia empírica en la RMB acerca de los determinantes de la localización de la actividad económica. Un objetivo que, a la par, requería la inclusión del estudio de la estructura urbana de la región para poder evaluar el efecto que en ella ejercen los determinantes de la localización. Si bien los resultados obtenidos con la Exponencial son buenos, la inclusión de formas funcionales de tipo polinómico para capturar los grumos de densidad han demostrado su eficiencia. Aunque la Cubic-Spline obtiene buenos resultados, tiene el inconveniente de no poder interpretar sus coeficientes. No obstante, nuestra propuesta, la Spline-Lineal, nos permite detectar la presencia de los subcentros que constituyen la región en base a la existencia de gradientes de densidad positivos.

Ecological sustainability and urban form

One controversial idea present in the debate on urban sustainability is that urban sprawl is an ecological stressing problem. We have tested this popular assumption by measuring the ecological footprint of commuting and housing of the 163 municipalities of the Barcelona Metropolitan Region and by relating the estimated values with residential density and accessibility, the fundamental determinant of residential density according to the Monocentric City Model.

Relating severe poverty and chronic poverty

The severely poor are very poor since their consumption is far below the absolute poverty line, and the chronically poor are very poor since their consumption persists for long periods below the absolute poverty line. A combination of chronic poverty and severe poverty (CSP) must represent the very worst instance of poverty. Yet the exercise in this paper of asking simple questions about CSP shows large research gaps. Quantified statements on CSP at the country level can be made for just 14 countries, and at the household level in just six countries. This data suggests a positive correlation between severe poverty and chronic poverty, both at the country level and the household level. Understanding the CSP relationship – whether it is strong, where it arises, what causes it – may improve our explanation of observed cross-country variation in the elasticity between macroeconomic growth and poverty reduction, and why within countries, some households take better advantage of opportunities afforded by macroeconomic growth. Some limited data suggests similarity in socioeconomic characteristics of the severe poor and the chronic poor in terms of location, household size, gender, education and economic sector of work. Of concern is that microlongitudinal datasets drop large proportions of their base year samples, and how this affects our understanding of CSP is not well evaluated. On causal mechanisms, evidence suggests that CSP may be caused by parental CSP (i.e. an intergenerational CSP cycle) and in households not previously poor, CSP may be caused by a morbidity cycle.

Welfare comparisons: sequential procedures for heterogenous populations

Some analysts use sequential dominance criteria, and others use equivalence scales in combination with non-sequential dominance tests, to make welfare comparisons of oint distributions of income and needs. In this paper we present a new sequential procedure hich copes with situations in which sequential dominance fails. We also demonstrate that there commendations deriving from the sequential approach are valid for distributions of equivalent income whatever equivalence scale the analyst might adopt. Thus the paper marries together the sequential and equivalizing approaches, seen as alternatives in much previous literature. All results are specified in forms which allow for demographic differences in the populations being compared.

Estructura de les xarxes tròfiques i mecanisme de selecció de preses

Les xarxes tròfiques o alimentàries subministren una representació gràfica de quina espècie menja a quina altra en un ecosistema. Les xarxes tròfiques empíriques publicades són cada vegada més complexes, i es fa més patent la qüestió de si hi ha trets comuns a totes elles. En els darrers anys s’ha realitzat un gran esforç per modelitzar l’arquitectura d’aquestes xarxes. En particular, dos models han rebut especial atenció: el model de nínxol i el de jerarquies. Tots dos models reprodueixen satisfactòriament un bon nombre de propietats estadístiques globals de les xarxes empíriques més completes. Hipotèticament però, els diferents mecanismes de selecció de preses en els models de nínxol i de jerarquies haurien de generar estructures locals diferents en les xarxes. Utilitzant un mètode de subxarxes (també subgrafs o motius ) que permet l’anàlisi quantitativa, s’ha analitzat l’arquitectura local de les xarxes amb l’objectiu de poder discernir quin dels dos models és més realista.

The black-white test score gap widens with age?

We re-examine the theoretical concept of a production function for cognitive achievement, and argue that an indirect production function that depends upon the variables that constrain parents' choices is both moretractable from an econometric point of view, and more interesting from an economic point of view than is a direct production function that depends upon a detailed list of direct inputs such as number of books in the household. We estimate flexible econometric models of indirect production functions for two achievement measures from the Woodcock-Johnson Revised battery, using data from two waves of the Child Development Supplement to the PSID. Elasticities of achievement measures with respect to family income and parents' educational levels are positive and significant. Gaps between scores of black and white children narrow or remain constant as children grow older, a result that differs from previous findings in the literature. The elasticities of achievement scores with respect to family income are substantially higher for children of black families, and there are some notable difference in elasticities with respect to parents' educational levels across blacks and whites.

An analysis of strategic paths through the decomposition of total factor productivity: the case of Spanish savings banks

The Spanish savings banks attracted quite a considerable amount of interest within the scientific arena, especially subsequent to the disappearance of the regulatory constraints during the second decade of the 1980s. Nonetheless, a lack of research identified with respect to mainstream paths given by strategic groups, and the analysis of the total factor productivity. Therefore, on the basis of the resource-based view of the firm and cluster analysis, we make use of changes in structure and performance ratios in order to identify the strategic groups extant in the sector. We attain a threeways division, which we link with different input-output specifications defining strategic paths. Consequently, on the basis of these three dissimilar approaches we compute and decompose a Hicks-Moorsteen total factor productivity index. Obtained results put forward an interesting interpretation under a multi-strategic approach, together with the setbacks of employing cluster analysis within a complex strategic environment. Moreover, we also propose an ex-post method of analysing the outcomes of the decomposed total factor productivity index that could be merged with non-traditional techniques of forming strategic groups, such as cognitive approaches.

Ecoeficiencia en la gestión de residuos municipales: modelo y factores exógenos

El trabajo analiza los factores exógenos que pueden influir en la ecoeficiencia (E/E) de la gestión de los residuos municipales. Se dividen los residuos municipales en outputs deseables e indeseables en los períodos 2000-2003, de la comunidad de Cataluña (España) y se propone un modelo que contempla el uso de la Función de distancia Direccional (DDF). Los datos obtenidos en DDF son contrastados con tres factores socioeconómicos en un análisi de regresión de tobit. Los resultados demuestran que existe un aumento porcentual de la E/E, se debe estudiar más en los aspectos endógenos que en los exógenos de la gestión de residuos. En tal sentido se propone continuar esta investigación con estudios de casos en los municipios estudiados.