Environmental management problems, future generations and social decisions

The decisions of many individuals and social groups, taking according to well-defined objectives, are causing serious social and environmental problems, in spite of following the dictates of economic rationality. There are many examples of serious problems for which there are not yet appropriate solutions, such as management of scarce natural resources including aquifer water or the distribution of space among incompatible uses. In order to solve these problems, the paper first characterizes the resources and goods involved from an economic perspective. Then, for each case, the paper notes that there is a serious divergence between individual and collective interests and, where possible, it designs the procedure for solving the conflict of interests. With this procedure, the real opportunities for the application of economic theory are shown, and especially the theory on collective goods and externalities. The limitations of conventional economic analysis are shown and the opportunity to correct the shortfalls is examined. Many environmental problems, such as climate change, have an impact on different generations that do not participate in present decisions. The paper shows that for these cases, the solutions suggested by economic theory are not valid. Furthermore, conventional methods of economic valuation (which usually help decision-makers) are unable to account for the existence of different generations and tend to obviate long-term impacts. The paper analyzes how economic valuation methods could account for the costs and benefits enjoyed by present and future generations. The paper studies an appropriate consideration of preferences for future consumption and the incorporation of sustainability as a requirement in social decisions, which implies not only more efficiency but also a fairer distribution between generations than the one implied by conventional economic analysis.

Inequality in CO2 emissions across countries and its relationship with income inequality: a distributive approach

This paper analyses the inequality in CO2 emissions across countries (and groups of countries) and the relationship of this inequality with income inequality across countries for the period (1971-1999). The research employs the tools that are usually applied in income distribution analysis. The methodology used here gives qualitative and quantitative information on some of the features of the inequalities across countries that are considered most relevant for the design and discussion of policies aimed at mitigating climate change. The paper studies the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP and shows that income inequality across countries has been followed by an important inequality in the distribution of emissions. This inequality has diminished mildly, although the inequality in emissions across countries ordered in the increasing value of income (inequality between rich and poor countries) has diminished less than the “simple” inequality in emissions. Lastly, the paper shows that the inequality in CO2 emissions is mostly explained by the inequality between groups with different per capita income level. The importance of the inequality within groups of similar per capita income is much lower and has diminished during the period, especially in the low-middle income group.

Knowledge, networks of cities and growth in regional urban systems

The objective of this paper is to measure the impact of different kinds of knowledge and external economies on urban growth in an intraregional context. The main hypothesis is that knowledge leads to growth, and that this knowledge is related to the existence of agglomeration and network externalities in cities. We develop a three-tage methodology: first, we measure the amount and growth of knowledge in cities using the OCDE (2003) classification and employment data; second, we identify the spatial structure of the area of analysis (networks of cities); third, we combine the Glaeser - Henderson - De Lucio models with spatial econometric specifications in order to contrast the existence of spatially static (agglomeration) and spatially dynamic (network) external economies in an urban growth model. Results suggest that higher growth rates are associated to higher levels of technology and knowledge. The growth of the different kinds of knowledge is related to local and spatial factors (agglomeration and network externalities) and each knowledge intensity shows a particular response to these factors. These results have implications for policy design, since we can forecast and intervene on local knowledge development paths.

Descentralización, integración y policentrismo en Barcelona

En este trabajo se identifican los subcentros de empleo de la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona utilizando diferentes criterios. Una vez catalogados en función de su naturaleza, esto es, subcentros surgidos de la integración y de la descentralización, se contrasta si su impacto sobre la densidad de población depende de su origen. Los resultados obtenidos confirman un mayor impacto de los subcentros integrados en comparación con los descentralizados, amplificada, a su vez, por el hecho de que los primeros están más lejos del CBD y presentan una mayor autocontención en el mercado de trabajo.

Descentralización del empleo: ¿compactación policéntrica o dispersión? El caso de la región metropolitana de Barcelona 1986-1996

La Región Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB) ha sido caracterizada en repetidas ocasiones como un sistema urbano de tipo policéntrico. Este trabajo pretende corroborar esta afirmación haciendo uso de una metodología que permite identificar los subcentros de empleo y valorar el grado de policentrismo de la RMB en 1986 y 1996. Los resultados obtenidos en los dos años confirman la existencia y extensión del policentrismo.

Análisis de las emisiones de CO2 y sus factores explicativos en las diferentes áreas del mundo

En el presente artículo se analiza la evolución de las emisiones de CO2 –el principal gas de efecto invernadero– en las diferentes áreas del mundo, prestando mayor atención a lo ocurrido en la Unión Europea y España. El análisis se centra especialmente en lo sucedido desde 1990, año de referencia en el protocolo de Kioto para la gran mayoría de países. Se investigan también los principales factores determinantes de las emisiones y su evolución utilizando el análisis de los factores de la identidad de Kaya. El análisis permite explicar las grandes diferencias que se dan entre unas zonas y otras y las distintas variaciones que se ha

Endogenous population subgroups: the best population partition and optimal number of groups

The aim of this paper is to suggest a method to find endogenously the points that group the individuals of a given distribution in k clusters, where k is endogenously determined. These points are the cut-points. Thus, we need to determine a partition of the N individuals into a number k of groups, in such way that individuals in the same group are as alike as possible, but as distinct as possible from individuals in other groups. This method can be applied to endogenously identify k groups in income distributions: possible applications can be poverty

El impacto espacial de las economías de aglomeración y su efecto sobre la estructura urbana.El caso de la industria en Barcelona, 1986-1996

Este trabajo trata sobre el papel de la accesibilidad espacial a las economías de aglomeración en el cambio de la estructura espacial del empleo industrial para el caso de la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB). Utilizando como indicador de cambios en la estructura espacial del empleo el crecimiento de la densidad bruta del empleo municipal entre 1986 y 1996 para siete subsectores industriales, se explora el impacto espacial de las economías de aglomeración que operan a escala local –el municipio y tres áreas de 5, 8 y 12 kilómetros que rodean al propio municipio-, aquellas que emergen del CBD y de los principales subcentros especializados de la región, y las economías de red asociadas al total de puestos de trabajo de la región cuyo acceso depende de la distancia respecto a las principales infraestructuras de transporte.

Nuevos instrumentos de política ambiental

El propósito de este papel es describir los principales instrumentos económicos que pueden utilizarse en la política medio ambiental. Se examinan críticamente las soluciones clásicas, sin olvidar las espurias. Se introduce el tiempo en el análisis, se examina la importancia de la tasa de descuento en el cálculo económico y se presenta el concepto de economías de duración, para estudiar el conflicto entre los intereses individuales y el social y generar propuestas de solución. Se presta especial atención al conflicto entre los intereses de las generaciones presentes y las futuras, apuntando algunas vías para solventarlo.

Employment descentralisation: polycentric compaction or sprawl? The case of the Barcelona Metropolitan Region 1986-1996

The Barcelona Metropolitan Region (BMR) has been repeatedly characterised as a polycentric-type urban system. The aim of this study is to corroborate this affirmation by making use of a methodology that enables the identifying of employment subcentres and valuing of the degree of polycentrism of the BMR in 1986 and 1996. The results obtained in the two years confirm the existence and extension of the polycentrism.

Descentralisation, integration and polycentrism in Barcelona

In this study the employment subcentres of the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona are identified using different criteria. Once catalogued according to their nature,i.e. subcentres arising from integration and decentralisation, they are analysed to see whether their impact on population density depends on their origin. The results obtained confirm a greater impact of integrated subcentres in comparison with decentralised ones, amplified in turn by the fact that the former are further from the CBD and present a greater degree of self-containment in the labor market.

The spatial effect of intra-metropolitan agglomeration economies

This study deals with the role of spatial accessibility to agglomeration economies in the change in spatial structure of industrial employment for the case of the Barcelona Metropolitan Region of Barcelona (BMR). Using the growth in gross density of municipal employment between 1986 and 1996 for seven manufacturing industries as an indicator of changes in the spatial structure of employment, an exploration is made of the spatial impact of agglomeration economies operating on a local scale the municipality and three areas 5, 8 and 12 kilometres away surrounding the municipality itself - , agglomeration economies emerging from CBD and the main specialised subcentres in the region, and the network economies associated with the total jobs in the region, access to which depends on the distance from the main transport infrastructures

Sistemas locales de trabajo y distritos industriales marshallianos en España

El objetivo de la presente investigación es la identificación en España de Sistemas Locales de Trabajo (SLT) y potenciales Distritos Industriales (DI) a partir de la utilización de la metodología italiana del ISTAT. A pesar de que la estructura urbana y el sistema industrial español e italiano muestran rasgos muy similares, esta metodología no había sido aplicada en España debido a la falta de un censo industrial y de datos de movilidad laboral entre municipios. La aplicación es ahora posible al disponer de datos de movilidad laboral intermunicipal en el Censo de 2001 y utilizarse datos del DIRCE (Directorio Central de Empresas) para aproximar la dimensión de los establecimientos por sector y Sistema Local de Trabajo. La identificación para España de los distritos industriales permite el impulso de una nueva línea de política industrial que reconoce en las pymes y el territorio dos de los pilares fundamentales para el crecimiento de la productividad, y cuya aplicación se ve reforzada por la extensa experiencia italiana en la gestión de distritos industriales.

The relevance of post-match LTC: why has the Spanish labor market become as volatile as the US one?

We present a Search and Matching model with heterogeneous workers (entrants and incumbents) that replicates the stylized facts characterizing the US and the Spanish labor markets. Under this benchmark, we find the Post-Match Labor Turnover Costs (PMLTC) to be the centerpiece to explain why the Spanish labor market is as volatile as the US one. The two driving forces governing this volatility are the gaps between entrants and incumbents in terms of separation costs and productivity. We use the model to analyze the cyclical implications of changes in labor market institutions affecting these two gaps. The scenario with a low degree of workers’ heterogeneity illustrates its suitability to understand why the Spanish labor market has become as volatile as the US one.

Anàlisi de l'estructura d'aprenentatge en l'ensenyament de l'educació fí­sica en l'educació obligatòria

En el present treball de recerca s'analitza l'estructura d'aprenentatge que els mestres utilitzen en diverses classes d'educació física en l'educació obligatòria. El treball s'organitza en dues parts, una primera part on s'explica què s'entén per educació física i estructura d'aprenentatge i on es relacionen els objectius generals de l'àrea amb els tipus d'estructura d'aprenentatge, individualista, competitiva o cooperativa, més adient per tal d'aconseguir-los. I una segona part on es dissenyen els instruments per a l'anàlisi de l'estructura i l'aprenentatge i s'utilitzen per l'observació de les classes de cinc mestres de cinc escoles diferents de la comarca d'Osona. En les conclusions del treball s'analitza la idoneïtat dels instruments analitzats i es constata la gran utilització de l'estructura d'aprenentatge competitiva en les classes observades.