Social bases of changing income distributions

On the backdrop of very little sociological concern with rising income inequality, this paper examines how key changes in sociodemographic behaviour may help shed additional light on changes in household income distribution and especially on long-term income dynamics and inter-generational mobility. The paper argues that the joint effect of rising marital homogamy in terms of human capital and labour supply contributes generally to widen the income gap between households. Only uner very restrictive conditions, namely when the labour supply of low educated women grows dis-proportionally fast, will women's earnings contribute to more equality. Finally, the paper suggests that women's rising employment commitments contribute positively to equalizing the opportunity structure both via the income effect and if quality care is available, also via more homogenous cultural and cognitive stimulation of children. Mother's work does not generally have adverse effects for children's development.

Social Security in Theory and Practice (II): Efficiency Theories, Narrative Theories, and Implications for Reform

166 countries have some kind of public old age pension. What economic forces create and sustain old age Social Security as a public program? Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin (1999b) document several of the internationally and historically common features of social security programs, and explore "political" theories of Social Security. This paper discusses the "efficiency theories", which view creation of the SS program as a full of partial solution to some market failure. Efficiency explanations of social security include the "SS as welfare for the elderly" the "retirement increases productivity to optimally manage human capital externalities", "optimal retirement insurance", the "prodigal father problem", the "misguided Keynesian", the "optimal longevity insurance", the "government economizing transaction costs", and the "return on human capital investment". We also analyze four "narrative" theories of social security: the "chain letter theory", the "lump of labor theory", the "monopoly capitalism theory", and the "Sub-but-Nearly-Optimal policy response to private pensions theory". The political and efficiency explanations are compared with the international and historical facts and used to derive implications for replacing the typical pay-as-you-go system with a forced savings plan. Most of the explanations suggest that forced savings does not increase welfare, and may decrease it.

Social security, retirement, and the single-mindedness of the electorate

We propose a positive theory that is consistent with two important featuresof social security programs around the world: (1) they redistributeincome from young to old and (2) they induce retirement. We construct avoting model that includes a political campaign or debate prior to theelection. The model incorporates single-mindedness of the groups that donot work: while the workers divide their political capital between their age concerns and occupational concerns , the retired concentrate alltheir political capital to support their age group. In our model, theelderly end up getting transfers from the government (paid by the young)and distortionary labor income taxes induce the retirement of the elderly.In addition, our model predicts that occupational groups that work morewill tend to have more political power. The opposite is true fornon-occupational groups (such as the elderly). We provide some evidencethat supports these additional predictions.

Social security in theory and practice (II): Efficiency theories, narrative theories and implications for reform

166 countries have some kind of public old age pension. What economic forcescreate and sustain old age Social Security as a public program? Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin (1999b) document several of the internationally and historically common features of social security programs, and explore "political" theories of Social Security. This paper discusses the "efficiency theories", which view creation of the SS program as a full of partial solution to some market failure. Efficiency explanations of social security include the "SS as welfare for the elderly" the "retirement increases productivity to optimally manage human capital externalities", "optimal retirement insurance", the "prodigal father problem", the "misguided Keynesian", the "optimal longevity insurance", the "governmenteconomizing transaction costs", and the "return on human capital investment". We also analyze four "narrative" theories of social security: the "chain letter theory", the "lump of labor theory", the "monopoly capitalism theory", and the "Sub-but-Nearly-Optimal policy response to private pensions theory".The political and efficiency explanations are compared with the international and historical facts and used to derive implications for replacing the typical pay-as-you-go system with a forced savings plan. Most of the explanations suggest that forced savings does not increase welfare, and may decrease it.

What social security: Beveridgean or Bismarckian?

Why are Bismarckian social security systems associated with largerpublic pension expenditures, a smaller fraction of private pension andlower income in-equality than Beveridgean systems? These facts arepuzzling for political economy theories of social security whichpredict that Beveridgean systems, involving intra-generationalredistribution, should enjoy larger support among low-income people andthus be larger. This paper explains these features in a bidimensionalpolitical economy model. In an economy with three income groups,low-income support a large, redistributive system; middle-income favoran earning-related system, while high-income oppose any public system,since they have access to a superior saving technology, a privatesystem. We show that, if income inequality is large, the voting majorityof high-income and low-income supports a (small) Beveridgean system,and a large private pillar arises; the opposite occurs with lowinequality. Additionally, when the capital market provides higherreturns, a Beveridgean system is more likely to emerge.

Is altruism important for understanding the long-run effects of social security?

This paper quantifies the effects of social security on capital accumulation and wealth distribution in a life cycle framework with altruistic individuals. The main findings of this paper are that the current U.S. social security system has a significant impact on capital accumulation and wealth distribution. I find that social security crowds out 8\% of the capital stock of an economy without social security. This effect is driven by the distortions of labor supply due to the taxation of labor income rather than by the intergenerational redistribution of income imposed by the social security system. In contrast to previous analysis of social security, I found that social security does not affect the savings rate of the economy. Another interesting finding is that even though the current U.S. social security system is progressive in its benefits, it may lead to a more disperse distribution of wealth.

Indentifying human capital externalities: Theory with an application to US cities

The identification of aggregate human capital externalities is still not fully understood. The existing (Mincerian) approach confounds positive externalities with wage changes due to a downward sloping demand curve for human capital. As a result, it yields positive externalities even when wages equal marginal social products. We propose an approach that identifies human capital externalities whether or not aggregate demand for human capital slopes downward. Another advantage of our approach is that it does not require estimates of the individual return to human capital. Applications to US cities and states between 1970 and 1990 yield no evidence of significant average -schooling externalities.

Empresas, instituciones y red social: la Compañía Hispanoamericana de Electricidad (CHADE) entre Barcelona y Buenos Aires

En este trabajo se presenta la vinculación entre la Casa de América de Barcelona y la Compañía Hispanoamericana de Electricidad (CHADE) en Buenos Aires a través del estudio de tres momentos: primero, la fundación de la asociación y la presencia de Francisco Cambó en el Centro Jurídico Iberoamericano; segundo, la fundación de la CHADE para salvar los capitales alemanes del pago de reparaciones económicas a los Aliados por su participación en la Primera Guerra Mundial; y tercero, la conversión de la asociación americanista barcelonesa en Instituto de Economía Americana (IDEA)-Casa de América para reforzar su naturaleza internacional en consonancia con la Sociedad de Naciones, así como el declive de la asociación por la interrupción de remesas de capital del Cono Sur que llegaban a Barcelona en forma de subsidios para la asociación americanista.

Por una Europa de la inclusión social

El autor destaca en este articulo que la inmigración extracomunitaria supone para los paises de la Unión Europea una ocasión histórica en la que se pone a prueba la capacidad de las instituciones y los ciudadanos europeos para mantener la cohesión social y al mismo tiempo respetar las diferencias étnicas y culturales. Es lo que él llama formular un nuevo contrato social, en el que la inclusión social de nacionales y extranjeros conduzca a la ciudadanía compartida y la participación política, en lugar de a una integración que no es tal, sino una forma más de asimilación. En este proceso esencial a toda democracia pensada para sociedades plurales, es capital, recuerda el autor, reparar constantemente en el lenguaje utilizado y evitar 10s planteamientos dicotómicos del tipo "nosotros/ellos" que llevan en su germen los prejuicios discriminatorios y el conflicto social

Matar al padre: Un modelo de reconstrucción del conflicto social desde la Sociología de las Organizaciones

El presente articulo analiza sociológicamente la forma en que las personas que forman parte de una organización compleja reconstruyen un conflicto social interno. Ese proceso se interpreta desde la teoria freudiana del proceso de "matar al padre". Se utiliza la elaboración teórica en Totem y tabú de 1912. La segunda aplicación es a la teoria de las desorganizaciones, dentro de la Sociologia de las Organizaciones. En el análisis se utilizan transcripciones de entrevistas en grupo (10 EEP) realizadas durante un año (1993) dentro de la organización (la policia municipal de una gran ciudad española), asi como información de observación participante (OP) durante un año. El articulo analiza primero los grupos que existen dentro de la estructura actual de la organización y el tipo de conflictos que generan entre ellos. En la parte central se estudia el poder a traves de los sistemas de jerarquización, el poder de jefatura, los mandos intermedios y lo que Perrow conceptualiza como el poder de los sin poder. Se interpreta la experiencia pasada de derrocamiento del jefe como un caso de "matar al padre", analizando el conflicto actual como continuación del mismo proceso. Al no institucionalizarse el conflicto (sustituir la acción por la idea) se repite de forma simbólica el parricidio del jefe. El articulo muestra la forma en que la teoria psicoanalítica grupal se puede aplicar a las organizaciones complejas contemporáneas, permitiendo una interpretación sociológica para analizar la forma en que las personas construyen la realidad social. Muestra también la utilidad de la teoria de las desorganizaciones para el análisis de este tipo de organizaciones.

Endogenous growth with capital in R&D production functions

[eng] In this paper we claim that capital is as important in the production of ideas as in the production of final goods. Hence, we introduce capital in the production of knowledge and discuss the associated problems arising from the public good nature of knowledge. We show that although population growth can affect economic growth, it is not necessary for growth to arise. We derive both the social planner and the decentralized economy growth rates and show the optimal subsidy that decentralizes it. We also show numerically that the effects of population growth on the market growth rate, the optimal growth rate and the optimal subsidy are small. Besides, we find that physical capital is more important for the production of knowledge than for the production of goods.

Endogenous growth with capital in R&D production functions

[eng] In this paper we claim that capital is as important in the production of ideas as in the production of final goods. Hence, we introduce capital in the production of knowledge and discuss the associated problems arising from the public good nature of knowledge. We show that although population growth can affect economic growth, it is not necessary for growth to arise. We derive both the social planner and the decentralized economy growth rates and show the optimal subsidy that decentralizes it. We also show numerically that the effects of population growth on the market growth rate, the optimal growth rate and the optimal subsidy are small. Besides, we find that physical capital is more important for the production of knowledge than for the production of goods.

Símptomes negatius i cognició social en l'esquizofrènia : un programa d'intervenció

L’esquizofrènia és un trastorn mental greu que afecta a un 1% de la població mundial. El seu tractament ha estat molt estudiat i, al llarg del temps, s’han descobert i fomentat noves línies de treball com són el tractament de la simptomatologia negativa i el dèficit cognitiu, front l’originària focalització en els símptomes positius. El present programa d’intervenció té com objectiu principal la millora de la simptomatologia negativa i el funcionament social en les persones diagnosticades d’esquizofrènia negativa. El programa es situa en el buit existent entre els programes de rehabilitació cognitiva (RC) i els programes de reinserció laboral i vocacionals donat que els actual programes d’entrenament en habilitats socials han demostrat no ser aplicables a la vida diària dels pacients esquizofrènics. El programa té un format grupal i una duració de 3 anys, amb una sessió setmanal, i consta de 4 mòduls diferenciats (Entrevista Motivacional, Cognició, Simptomatologia negativa i relacions socials, Cloenda i Recopilació de conceptes) amb objectius, dificultat i temporalitat diferents. Les possibles limitacions del programa vindrien donades per la dificultat de determinar quins són els pacients que s’adequarien a aquesta intervenció, pel que serà necessària la realització d’una adequada avaluació per seleccionar els membres del grup de tractament. Alhora, en la seva aplicació, les limitacions vindrien determinades per la forta implicació emocional i cohesió grupal que el programa requereix.

Prevalencia, impacto y tratamiento psicológico grupal de los trastornos de ansiedad : una revisión en el ámbito de la atención primaria

Este trabajo recopila y discute información publicada sobre el estado actual de la prevalencia, impacto y abordaje grupal de los trastornos de ansiedad. El objetivo es estar actualizado sobre los últimos conocimientos y tendencias en la materia y promover la investigación de un modelo integrado de atención entre los profesionales de la Atención Primaria y los servicios especializados. Se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PSYCHOINFO y MEDLINE, dónde se encuentran las revistas que normalmente publican artículos sobre dicha especialidad y se ha realizado una discusión sobre los mismos con especialistas que trabajan en los servicios de la Salud Pública. Los datos que conocemos referentes al elevado impacto social y económico revelan la necesidad de un abordaje integral de los trastornos de ansiedad desde el punto de vista médico y psicológico como una de las principales prioridades para la Salud Mental. Se considera el formato de intervención grupal como una alternativa terapéutica eficaz y eficiente para la mayoría de diagnósticos, incluidos los trastornos de ansiedad. La valoración integrada de los síntomas y su detección precoz son fundamentales como herramienta de prevención de la Salud y de futuras demandas por trastornos más graves a los servicios especializados.

L'atur de llarga durada de les dones majors de 45 anys a Catalunya: una anàlisi exploratòria tenint en compte la classe social i la divisió sexual del treball

This article provides an in-depth study of long-term female unemployment in Catalonia.Long-term unemployment statistics reveal which social groups are most likely to experience difficulty re-entering the labour market. In this case, we found that women are mainly affected by this type of labour exclusion, in particular poorly qualified, working-class women who are aged over 45 and with family responsibilities.The article aims to explore how the overlapping of factors such as gender, age, social class, origin and the division of work based on gender are related to long-term female unemployment. Moreover, we were able to detect which conceptual tools provide us with the production/reproduction paradigm so as to be able to analyse the future of female unemployment. The methodology we used combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. On the one hand, the analysis of secondary statistical data focusing on Catalonia is useful in understanding the situation from a macro-social perspective. On the other hand, an exploratory discussion group enables us to investigate social imaginary practises among unemployed working class women aged over 45. This discussion group was held in Igualada -capital of the Anoia region - an area of Catalonia deeply affected by unemployment in the current economic crisis.