PhD Students’ Research Group Social Capital in Two Countries: A Clustering Approach with Duocentred Network Measures

The article examines the structure of the collaboration networks of research groups where Slovenian and Spanish PhD students are pursuing their doctorate. The units of analysis are student-supervisor dyads. We use duocentred networks, a novel network structure appropriate for networks which are centred around a dyad. A cluster analysis reveals three typical clusters of research groups. Those which are large and belong to several institutions are labelled under a bridging social capital label. Those which are small, centred in a single institution but have high cohesion are labelled as bonding social capital. Those which are small and with low cohesion are called weak social capital groups. Academic performance of both PhD students and supervisors are highest in bridging groups and lowest in weak groups. Other variables are also found to differ according to the type of research group. At the end, some recommendations regarding academic and research policy are drawn

Social capital, government expenditures, and growth

Countries with greater social capital have higher economic growth. We show that socialcapital is also highly positively correlated across countries with government expenditureon education. We develop an infinite-horizon model of public spending and endogenousstochastic growth that explains both facts through frictions in political agency whenvoters have imperfect information. In our model, the government provides servicesthat yield immediate utility, and investment that raises future productivity. Voters aremore likely to observe public services, so politicians have electoral incentives to underprovidepublic investment. Social capital increases voters' awareness of all governmentactivity. As a consequence, both politicians' incentives and their selection improve.In the dynamic equilibrium, both the amount and the efficiency of public investmentincrease, permanently raising the growth rate.

Bowling for fascism: Social capital and the rise of the Nazi Party in Weimar Germany, 1919-33

Social capital a dense network of associations facilitating cooperation within a community typically leads to positive political and economic outcomes, as demonstrated by a large literature following Putnam. A growing literature emphasizes the potentially "dark side" of social capital. This paper examines the role of social capital in the downfall of democracy in interwar Germany by analyzing Nazi party entry rates in a cross-section of towns and cities. Before the Nazi Party's triumphs at the ballot box, it built an extensive organizational structure, becoming a mass movement with nearly a million members by early 1933. We show that dense networks of civic associations such as bowling clubs, animal breeder associations, or choirs facilitated the rise of the Nazi Party. The effects are large: Towns with one standard deviation higher association density saw at least one-third faster growth in the strength of the Nazi Party. IV results based on 19th century measures of social capital reinforce our conclusions. In addition, all types of associations veteran associations and non-military clubs, "bridging" and "bonding" associations positively predict NS party entry. These results suggest that social capital in Weimar Germany aided the rise of the Nazi movement that ultimately destroyed Germany's first democracy.

Labour market frictions, social policies, and barriers to technology adoption

Barriers to technological changes have recently been shown to be a key element in explaining differences in output per worker across countries. This study examines the role that labour market features and institutions have in explaining barriers to technology adoption. I build a model that includes labour market frictions, capital market imperfections and heterogeneity in workers' skills. I found that the unemployment rate together with the welfare losses that workers experiment after displacement are key factors in explaining the existence of barriers to technology adoption. Moreover, I found that none of these factors alone is sufficient to build these barriers. The theory also suggests that welfare policies like the unemployment insurance system may enhance these kinds of barriers while policies like a severance payment system financed by an income tax seem to be more effective in eliminating them.

Human capital as a factor of growth and employment at the regional level. The case of Spain

We use statistical techniques to quantify the effects of school attainment on individual wages, participation rates and employment probabilities in Spain, and to measure the contribution of education to labour productivity at the regional level. These estimates are then combined with data on private and public expenditure on education and with information on taxes and social benefits to construct measures of the private and social returns to schooling, to explore the effects of public policies on private incentives to invest in human capital, and to analyse the long-term effects of schooling on public finances. The results are used, together with estimates of the returns to alternative assets, to draw some tentative conclusions regarding the adequacy of the aggregate investment patterns observed in the regions of Spain, and to identify changes in the design of national and EU cohesion and growth policies that may help enhance their effectiveness.

Human capital in a global and knowledge-based economy. Part 2. Asssessment at the EU country level.

This report is an extension and partial update of de la Fuente and Ciccone (2002). It constructs estimates of the private and social rates of return on schooling for fourteen EU countries using microeconometric estimates of Mincerian wage equations, the results of cross-country growth regressions and OECD data on educational expenditures, tax rates and social benefits. The results are used to draw some tentative conclusions regarding the optimality of observed investment patterns and educational subsidy levels.

Human capital in a global and knowledge-based economy

This document is a report prepared for the DG for Employment and Social Affairs of the European Commission. It surveys the available evidence on the contribution of investment in human capital to aggregate productivity growth and on its impact on wages and other labour outcomes at the individual level. It also draws some tentative policy conclusions for an average European country.

Efectes de la composició social dels centres d’ensenyament obligatori sobre el rendiment i les expectatives de l’alumnat

Aquest projecte centra la seva atenció en la incidència que la composició social dels centres d'ensenyament -és a dir, l'origen social del seu alumnat- té sobre l'equitat en el tram d'escolarització obligatòria del sistema educatiu català. Concretament posa l'accent en els efectes que diferents tipus de composicions socials poden tenir sobre el rendiment escolar i les expectatives de trajectòria dels estudiants procedents de famílies amb un nivell instructiu baix (en aquesta investigació l'origen social de l'alumnat és mesurat pel nivell d'estudis del pare i la mare de l'alumne, atesa la incidència que el capital instructiu dels progenitors té sobre els seus resultats acadèmics). Ha estat objectiu d’aquest projecte copsar si el fet de trobar-se en un context escolar socialment més heterogeni té algun tipus d’influència positiva sobre el rendiment dels estudiants procedents de famílies poc instruïdes. És per això que s’han analitzat diferents tipus de composicions socials, corresponents a quatre IES. Mitjançant l’anàlisi comparativa d’aquestes realitats escolars, s’ha volgut observar fins a quin punt una presència significativa d’alumnes de famílies amb un nivell instructiu elevat estimula un increment del rendiment i/o de les expectatives al finalitzar l’escolarització obligatòria dels fills de famílies poc instruïdes. Dit d’altra manera, s’ha volgut comprovar si els contextos escolars heterogenis tenen algun tipus d’efecte reductor de les desigualtats inherents en la desigual distribució del capital instructiu familiar entre l’alumnat. En últim lloc, el projecte ha pretès analitzar el tipus de xarxa relacional que es genera entre l’alumnat en els diferents contextos objecte d’anàlisi. L’estudi posa de manifest que, en termes generals, els contextos amb presència significativa d’alumnes de famílies amb un nivell d’instrucció elevat tenen un impacte positiu sobre les expectatives dels alumnes de famílies menys instruïdes. Aquest "efecte-contagi" d'expectatives es pot produir en alguns casos per identificació amb la xarxa relacional més propera o, en d'altres casos, per la coexistència en el grup-classe amb una majoria d'alumnes procedents de famílies més instruïdes.

A cognitive attempt to understanding female entrepreneurial potential: the role of social norms and culture

This article analyzes the different perceptions of both male and female potential entrepreneurs from three European regions differing in their respective level of economic development and entrepreneurial culture. We use an extended cognitive model of entrepreneurial intentions based on the theory of planned behaviour, the theory of normative social behaviour and social capital literature. Results show females have lower self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attraction than males, thus leading to lower entrepreneurial intention. Differences between the three subsamples are small when males are studied. However, female entrepreneurial intentions and perceptions are more affected by the cultural context.

Human capital and productivity

This paper surveys the empirical literature on human capital and productivity and summarizes the results of my own work on the subject. On balance, the available evidence suggests that investment in education has a positive, significant and sizable effect on productivity growth. According to my estimates, moreover, the social returns to investment in human capital are higher than those on physical capital in most EU countries and in many regions of Spain.

La participación social como método de conservación. Estudio de caso en el área de conservación arenal Huetar norte de Costa Rica

El presente estudio se realiza con la intención de contribuir a establecer las bases para una buena gestión del territorio en el Área de conservación arenal Huetar norte de Costa Rica mediante la participación social; garantizando la conservación del capital natural y el desarrollo económico, social y ambientalmente sostenible. Para ello, se ha colaborado en la formación del Consejo Local del Corredor Biológico Ruta Los Malécu-Medio Queso (CL CBRLM-MQ) y del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro (RNVSCN), formado por una coalición social que tendrá el objetivo de gestionar su propio territorio. Con la intención de capacitar a los integrantes de este consejo, y a los pobladores de la Zona Norte de Costa Rica en general, y orientarlos hacia la buena gestión de los recursos naturales, se ha realizado un análisis detallado sobre su percepción sobre los Servicios Ecosistémicos de la región. El resultado de este proyecto, es un manual de educación y comunicación ambiental sobre los servicios ecosistémicos de la Zona Norte para el educador/a. Con este manual se pretende capacitar a los pobladores sobre el valor de los SE, todo con la finalidad de promover cambios de actitudes y de conductas que fomenten una relación respetuosa con la naturaleza para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible de la región y de esta manera mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes de esta zona.

L' atur de llarga durada de les dones majors de 45 anys a Catalunya: una anàlisi exploratòria tenint en compte la classe social i la divisió sexual del treball

This article provides an in-depth study of long-term female unemployment in Catalonia.Long-term unemployment statistics reveal which social groups are most likely to experience difficulty re-entering the labour market. In this case, we found that women are mainly affected by this type of labour exclusion, in particular poorly qualified, working-class women who are aged over 45 and with family responsibilities.The article aims to explore how the overlapping of factors such as gender, age, social class, origin and the division of work based on gender are related to long-term female unemployment. Moreover, we were able to detect which conceptual tools provide us with the production/reproduction paradigm so as to be able to analyse the future of female unemployment. The methodology we used combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. On the one hand, the analysis of secondary statistical data focusing on Catalonia is useful in understanding the situation from a macro-social perspective. On the other hand, an exploratory discussion group enables us to investigate social imaginary practises among unemployed working class women aged over 45. This discussion group was held in Igualada -capital of the Anoia region - an area of Catalonia deeply affected by unemployment in the current economic crisis.

Xarxes interculturals als instituts: efectes de la composició social sobre el rendiment i les expectatives de l’alumnat d’origen estranger

El present informe aborda les variables que expliquen el rendiment acadèmic (entès com a obtenció del graduat escolar) per part de l’alumnat estranger en els centres d’educació secundària de Catalunya. L’anàlisi inclou dos tipus de variables: en primer lloc, les variables individuals (procedència i capital instructiu familiar) i, en segon terme, les variables relacionals (tipus de xarxa d’amistat segons capital instructiu i segons procedència). Al llarg de l’informe es detallen els efectes que aquestes variables, controlant per la composició social dels centres, tenen sobre les probabilitats d’obtenir el graduat escolar de l’alumnat estranger, en comparació amb l’alumnat autòcton. Les anàlisis han mostrat un pes central de les variables individuals en l’obtenció del graduat escolar, pes que és matisat per la composició social dels centres on s’escolaritza l’alumne. Alhora, s’ha observat l’existència d’un efecte de les variables relacionals basades en el capital instructiu, focalitzat especialment en l’alumnat estranger (independendentment del capital instructiu ) i l’alumnat autòcton de famílies poc instruïdes. Per la seva banda, les xarxes per procedència semblen incidir només en l’alumnat (autòcton i estranger) de capital instructiu familiar. En una segona part, l’estudi analitza l’efecte d’aquestes variables sobre les probabilitats d’escollir o Cicles Formatius de Grau Mitjà com a itineraris d’educació post obligatòria, fent esment alhora de les vies escollides per aquells que no han obtingut el graduat escolar (incorporació al món laboral, repetició de curs o realització d’un Programa de Qualificació Professional Inicial). L’anàlisi mostra de nou l’impacte del capital instructiu familiar a l’hora d’escollir itinerari, essent en aquest cas menys intens l’efecte de la procedència. Apareix com a peça especialment significativa el perfil de centre educatiu i les diferents polítiques d’orientació a l’educació post obligatòria. Les xarxes relacionals per capital instructiu apareixen com a significatives per a tots els alumnes, mentre que les xarxes relacionals segons procedència tenen efectes només sobre l’alumnat estranger.

Social bases of changing income distributions

On the backdrop of very little sociological concern with rising income inequality, this paper examines how key changes in sociodemographic behaviour may help shed additional light on changes in household income distribution and especially on long-term income dynamics and inter-generational mobility. The paper argues that the joint effect of rising marital homogamy in terms of human capital and labour supply contributes generally to widen the income gap between households. Only uner very restrictive conditions, namely when the labour supply of low educated women grows dis-proportionally fast, will women's earnings contribute to more equality. Finally, the paper suggests that women's rising employment commitments contribute positively to equalizing the opportunity structure both via the income effect and if quality care is available, also via more homogenous cultural and cognitive stimulation of children. Mother's work does not generally have adverse effects for children's development.