El escafoides accesorio y su relación con el pie valgo-plano

Se estudia la patología dolorosa, que en ocasiones, puede producir la existencia de un escafoides accesorio del tarso. Este hueso accesorio generalmente se une al escafoides con la maduración ósea, hacia la adolescencia, mediante un centro secundario de osificación, En ocasiones se vuelve doloroso cuando, en esta edad, existe un exceso de tracción del tendón del tibial posterior, el cual se inserta en este centro secundario de sificación; esto puede ser producido por la presencia de un pie valgo-plano o por la realización de una fuerte actividad física. También, aquellos accesorios que son muy prominentes, pueden volverse sintomáticos con el roce con el calzado. Inicialmente el tratamiento será conservador, evitando el exceso de tracción del tendón del tibial posterior mediante reposo, y con la utilización de un soporte plantar que disminuya la pronación del pie. Esperando la osificación de ambos huesos, en la gran mayoría de las veces desaparecen los síntomas. Solamente en algunos casos es necesaria la intervención quirúrgica, la cual consiste en la simple exéresis del accesorio. En éste artículo se desmiente, de forma argumentada, la hipótesis de que el escafoides accesorio produce un pie valgo-plano. No obstante, si se constata la importante asociación que hay entre su existencia cuando es sintomático y el aplanamiento del pie; la explicación que se da a esto es que, cuando hay un pie plano, el exceso de pronación que este ocasiona provocará un exceso de tracción del tendón del tibial posterior sobre el accesorio,convirtiéndolo en doloroso; éstos son los pies que vienen a la consulta, y no los asintomáticos, dando la falsa impresión de que el escafoides accesorio provoca un pie valgo-plano.

Parálisis cerebral. Tratamiento ortopodológico

Después de varios años de experiencia en la aplicación de las férulas estabilizadoras del sistema aquileocalcáneo plantar FESAP) en pacientes con parálisis cerebral, creemos que deberían ser el tratamiento ortopodológico de elección del pie equino en niños con miopatías y lesiones neurológlcas de la unidad motora, del sistema piramidal o extrapiramidal, tanto por su perfecta adaptación a la morfología de la extremidad inferior como por sus caracteristicas funcionales y sus acciones fisio1ógicas y terapéuticas.

Myofascial pain syndrome associated with trigger points: A literature review. (I): Epidemiology, clinical treatment and etiopathogeny

Over the last few decades, advances have been made in the understanding of myofascial pain syndrome epidemiology, clinical characteristics and aetiopathogenesis, but many unknowns remain. An integrated hypothesis has provided a greater understanding of the physiopathology of trigger points, which may allow the development of new diagnostic, and above all, therapeutic methods, as well as the establishment of prevention policies and protocols by the health profession. Nevertheless, randomized studies are needed to provide a better understanding and detection of the different factors involved in the origin of trigger points.

Origen(s). Postguerra i emigració a Benavarri

Sóc de l’opinió que hem d’analitzar acuradament els fets històrics precedents i veure què feien els nostres avantpassats per conèixer i viure més intensament el present, i també per encarar amb més precisió el futur. Saber en quines situacions es van trobar ens pot servir per plantar cara al present, amb actituds, coneixements i intuïcions que provenen de l’herència de la història que ens precedeix.Ben segur que és aquest el principal motiu que m'ha empès a dur a terme aquesta recerca i convertir-la en el meu Treball de Fi de Grau. Cal analitzar l’exili republicà, conseqüència directa de la victòria de l’exèrcit rebel. Amb l'inici de la dictadura de Francisco Franco, el procés demogràfic generacional a Espanya va patir un greu sotrac. Amb la “modernització del país” propugnada pel Caudillo, molts homes i dones es van veure forçats a marxar precipitadament del seu poble, d'on provenien i on tenien les seves arrels, per arribar a grans ciutats, totalment contràries a la seva manera de viure rural. Aquests milions de persones que van deixar el país o van canviar de domicili van ser víctimes d'aquest “nou ordre” franquista.

Crucial role of CB(2) cannabinoid receptor in the regulation of central immune responses during neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain is a clinical manifestation of nerve injury difficult to treat even with potent analgesic compounds. Here, we used different lines of genetically modified mice to clarify the role played by CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the regulation of the central immune responses leading to the development of neuropathic pain. CB2 knock-out mice and wild-type littermates were exposed to sciatic nerve injury, and both genotypes developed a similar hyperalgesia and allodynia in the ipsilateral paw. Most strikingly, knock-outs also developed a contralateral mirror image pain, associated with an enhanced microglial and astrocytic expression in the contralateral spinal horn. In agreement, hyperalgesia, allodynia, and microglial and astrocytic activation induced by sciatic nerve injury were attenuated in transgenic mice overexpressing CB2 receptors. These results demonstrate the crucial role of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in modulating glial activation in response to nerve injury. The enhanced manifestations of neuropathic pain were replicated in irradiated wild-type mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from CB2 knock-outs, thus demonstrating the implication of the CB2 receptor expressed in hematopoietic cells in the development of neuropathic pain at the spinal cord.

Interferon-gamma is a critical modulator of CB(2) cannabinoid receptor signaling during neuropathic pain

Nerve injuries often lead to neuropathic pain syndrome. The mechanisms contributing to this syndrome involve local inflammatory responses, activation of glia cells, and changes in the plasticity of neuronal nociceptive pathways. Cannabinoid CB(2) receptors contribute to the local containment of neuropathic pain by modulating glial activation in response to nerve injury. Thus, neuropathic pain spreads in mice lacking CB(2) receptors beyond the site of nerve injury. To further investigate the mechanisms leading to the enhanced manifestation of neuropathic pain, we have established expression profiles of spinal cord tissues from wild-type and CB(2)-deficient mice after nerve injury. An enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) response was revealed in the absence of CB(2) signaling. Immunofluorescence stainings demonstrated an IFN-gamma production by astrocytes and neurons ispilateral to the nerve injury in wild-type animals. In contrast, CB(2)-deficient mice showed neuronal and astrocytic IFN-gamma immunoreactivity also in the contralateral region, thus matching the pattern of nociceptive hypersensitivity in these animals. Experiments in BV-2 microglia cells revealed that transcriptional changes induced by IFN-gamma in two key elements for neuropathic pain development, iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and CCR2, are modulated by CB(2) receptor signaling. The most direct support for a functional involvement of IFN-gamma as a mediator of CB(2) signaling was obtained with a double knock-out mouse strain deficient in CB(2) receptors and IFN-gamma. These animals no longer show the enhanced manifestations of neuropathic pain observed in CB(2) knock-outs. These data clearly demonstrate that the CB(2) receptor-mediated control of neuropathic pain is IFN-gamma dependent.

Relation between plaque type, plaque thickness, blood shear stress, and plaque stress in coronary arteries assessed by X-ray Angiography and Intravascular Ultrasound

Purpose: Atheromatic plaque progression is affected, among others phenomena, by biomechanical, biochemical, and physiological factors. In this paper, the authors introduce a novel framework able to provide both morphological (vessel radius, plaque thickness, and type) and biomechanical (wall shear stress and Von Mises stress) indices of coronary arteries. Methods: First, the approach reconstructs the three-dimensional morphology of the vessel from intravascular ultrasound(IVUS) and Angiographic sequences, requiring minimal user interaction. Then, a computational pipeline allows to automatically assess fluid-dynamic and mechanical indices. Ten coronary arteries are analyzed illustrating the capabilities of the tool and confirming previous technical and clinical observations. Results: The relations between the arterial indices obtained by IVUS measurement and simulations have been quantitatively analyzed along the whole surface of the artery, extending the analysis of the coronary arteries shown in previous state of the art studies. Additionally, for the first time in the literature, the framework allows the computation of the membrane stresses using a simplified mechanical model of the arterial wall. Conclusions: Circumferentially (within a given frame), statistical analysis shows an inverse relation between the wall shear stress and the plaque thickness. At the global level (comparing a frame within the entire vessel), it is observed that heavy plaque accumulations are in general calcified and are located in the areas of the vessel having high wall shear stress. Finally, in their experiments the inverse proportionality between fluid and structural stresses is observed.

Variabilitat espacial de les propietats hidrològiques del sòl i canvis per la transformació del terreny en una vessant a la comarca del Priorat

En els darrers anys s’estan duent a terme transformacions dels sòl en la comarca del Priorat per plantar noves vinyes. Les transformacions realitzades han consistit en volteig d’horitzons i trituració de material, comportant canvis importants en les propietats físiques, químiques i hidrològiques del sòl. S’han identificat i quantificat els canvis, evidenciant alteracions importants en molts paràmetres, com una reducció de la matèria orgànica, capacitat de retenció d’aigua i conductivitat hidràulica, que dificulten l’estabilitat estructural del sòl, augmentant-ne l’escolament superficial i l’erosió, i dificultant el correcte desenvolupament de les plantes.