Were Spanish migrants attracted by industrial agglomerations?: an analysis for the interwar years in the light of the new economic geography

In this paper we examine whether access to markets had a significant influence onmigration choices of Spanish internal migrants in the inter-war years. We perform astructural contrast of a New Economic Geography model that focus on the forwardlinkage that links workers location choice with the geography of industrial production,one of the centripetal forces that drive agglomeration in the NEG models. The resultshighlight the presence of this forward linkage in the Spanish economy of the inter-warperiod. That is, we prove the existence of a direct relation between workers¿ localizationdecisions and the market potential of the host regions. In addition, the direct estimationof the values associated with key parameters in the NEG model allows us to simulatethe migratory flows derived from different scenarios of the relative size of regions andthe distances between them. We show that in Spain the power of attraction of theagglomerations grew as they increased in size, but the high elasticity estimated for themigration costs reduced the intensity of the migratory flows. This could help to explainthe apparently low intensity of internal migrations in Spain until its upsurge during the1920s. This also explains the geography of migrations in Spain during this period,which hardly affected the regions furthest from the large industrial agglomerations (i.e.,regions such as Andalusia, Estremadura and Castile-La Mancha) but had an intenseeffect on the provinces nearest to the principal centres of industrial development.

Regional integration and specialisation patterns in Spain

The aim of this paper is to analyse how economic integration in Europe has affected industrial geographical concentration in Spain and explain what the driving forces behind industry location are. Firstly, we construct regional specialisation and geographical concentration indices for Spanish 50 provinces and 30 industrial sectors in 1979, 1986 and 1992. Secondly, we carry out an econometric analysis of the determinants of geographical concentration of industries. Our main conclusion is that there is no evidence of increasing specialisation in Spain between 1979 and 1992 and that the most important determinant of Spain¿s economic geography is scale economies. Furthermore, traditional trade theory has no effects in explaining the pattern of industrial concentration

Valoración de las fuentes para el análisis del sector industrial en Aragón

El trabajo analiza la problemática de la consulta de las fuentes estadísticas para los estudios industriales. Para ello primero plantea unas reflexiones sobre las dificultades generales con los que se tiene que enfrentar el investigador en relación con el tema. Después examina las principales fuentes a las que se puede acudir para el análisis de las localizaciones industriales, tomando como referencia las existentes para la región aragonesa. En cada una plantea su nivel de acceso, sus contenidos y sus problemas.

Who participates in R&D subsidy programs? The case of spanish manufacturing firms.

Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of R&D subsidies to firms has produced mixed results so far. One possible explanation is that firms and project selection rules may be quite heterogeneous both across agencies and across industries, leading to different outcomes in terms of the induced additional private effort. Here we focus on the participation stage. Using a sample of Spanish firms, we test for differences across agencies and industries. Our results suggest that firms in the same industry face different hurdles to participate in different agencies’ programs, that participation patterns may reflect a combination of agency goals, and that patterns differ across high-tech and low-tech industries.

Innovation and internasionalisation. A focus on the Spanish exporting firms

International markets are very competitive so innovation seems unavoidable. Some authors describe internationalisation as being an innovation of the firm. In this research these two phenomena will be studied, through a multiple case study method, focusing on the existence of a reciprocal relationship between the processes of internationalisation and innovation.

Agglomeration and location: a nonparametric approach

The aim of this article is to assess the effects of several territorial characteristics, specifically agglomeration economies, on industrial location processes in the Spanish region of Catalonia. Theoretically, the level of agglomeration causes economies which favour the location of new establishments, but an excessive level of agglomeration might cause diseconomies, since congestion effects arise. The empirical evidence on this matter is inconclusive, probably because the models used so far are not suitable enough. We use a more flexible semiparametric specification, which allows us to study the nonlinear relationship between the different types of agglomeration levels and location processes. Our main statistical source is the REIC (Catalan Manufacturing Establishments Register), which has plant-level microdata on location of new industrial establishments. Keywords: agglomeration economies, industrial location, Generalized Additive Models, nonparametric estimation, count data models.

Locations and Relocations:Modelling, Determinants, and Interrelations

Empirical studies on industrial location do not typically distinguish between new and relocated establishments. This paper addresses this shortcoming using data on the frequency of these events in municipalities of the same economic-administrative region. This enables us to test not only for differences in their determinants but also for interrelations between start-ups and relocations. Estimates from count regression models for cross-section and panel data show that, although partial effects differ, common patterns arise in “institutional” and “neoclassical” explanatory factors. Also, start-ups and relocations are positive but asymmetrically related. JEL classification: C25, R30, R10. Keywords: cities, count data models, industrial location

Tax differentials and agglomeration economies in intraregional firm location

This paper analyses empirically how differences in local taxes affect the intraregional location of new manufacturing plants. These effects are examined within the random profit maximization framework while accounting for the presence of different types of agglomeration economies (localization/ urbanization/ Jacobs’ economies) at the municipal level. We look at the location decision of more than 10,000 establishments locating between 1996 and 2003 across more than 400 municipalities in Catalonia, a Spanish region. It is necessary to restrict the choice set to the local labor market and, above all, to control for agglomeration economies so as to identify the effects of taxes on the location of new establishments.

La relevancia empírica de los distritos industriales marshallianos y los sistemas productivos locales manufactureros de gran empresa en España

El presente trabajo presenta la revisión de los mapas de distritos industriales y sistemas productivos locales manufactureros de gran empresa de España siguiendo la nueva metodología ISTAT 2006. El artículo presenta la metodología de identificación de sistemas locales de trabajo, distritos industriales, sistemas productivos locales manufactureros de gran empresa y los resultados completos de su aplicación para España. Incluye además los anexos con las asignaciones de los municipios españoles por mercado local de trabajo para el año 2001, los 205 distritos industriales identificados así como sus especializaciones principales, y su equivalente para los 66 sistemas productivos locales manufactureros de gran empresa.

Spatial distribution of economic activities: an empirical approach usingself-organizing maps

The aim of this paper is to analyse the colocation patterns of industries and firms. We study the spatial distribution of firms from different industries at a microgeographic level and from this identify the main reasons for this locational behaviour. The empirical application uses data from Mercantile Registers of Spanish firms (manufacturers and services). Inter-sectorial linkages are shown using self-organizing maps. Key words: clusters, microgeographic data, self-organizing maps, firm location JEL classification: R10, R12, R34

On the effect of the geographical scope of agglomeration economies on firm location

This article analyses how agglomeration economies shaped the location decisions of new manufacturing start-ups in Catalan municipalities in 2001-2005. We estimate whether the locations of new firms are spatially autocorrelated and whether this phenomenon is industry-specific. Our aim is to estimate the geographical scope of agglomeration economies on firm entries. The data set comes from a compulsory register of manufacturing establishments (REIC: Catalan Manufacturing Establishments Register). JEL classification: R1, R3 Keywords: firm location; spatial autocorrelation

Location Determinants of New Firms: Does Skill Level of Human Capital Really Matter?

This paper is about the role played by stock of human capital on location decisions of new manufacturing plants. We analyse the effect of several skill levels (from basic school to PhD) on decisions about the location of plants in various industries and, therefore, of different technological levels. We also test whether spatial aggregation level biases the results and determine the most appropriate areas to be considered in analyses of these phenomena. Our main statistical source is the Register of Manufacturing Establishments of Catalonia (REIC), which has plant-level microdata on the locations of new manufacturing plants. Keywords: agglomeration economies, industrial location, human capital, count-data models, spatial econometrics.

What underlies localization and urbanization economies? Evidence from the location of new firms

The objective of this paper is to analyze why firms in some industries locate in specialized economic environments (localization economies) while those in other industries prefer large city locations (urbanization economies). To this end, we examine the location decisions of new manufacturing firms in Spain at the city level and for narrowly defined industries (three-digit level). First, we estimate firm location models to obtain estimates that reflect the importance of localization and urbanization economies in each industry. In a second step, we regress these estimates on industry characteristics that are related to the potential importance of three agglomeration theories, namely, labor market pooling, input sharing and knowledge spillovers. Localization effects are low and urbanization effects are high in knowledge-intensive industries, suggesting that firms (partly) locate in large cities to reap the benefits of inter-industry knowledge spillovers. We also find that localization effects are high in industries that employ workers whose skills are more industry-specific, suggesting that industries (partly) locate in specialized economic environments to share a common pool of specialized workers.

Rep Sol el Morell?

L’objecte del treball és analitzar com afecta la instal·lació d’una gran empresa en un poble relativament petit, més concretament com va afectar la implantació d’unarefineria al 1975, que ara pertany a Repsol YPF, a la vida del Morell (Tarragonès).Per veure les diferències més clarament s’ha decidit fer una comparació amb un altrepoble similar, Vilallonga del Camp, que fa frontera amb el Morell. L’elecció d’aquestpoble és un dels passos més importants del treball.L’objectiu d’aquest treball és analitzar l’evolució d’un poble del Tarragonès, el Morell,després de la instal·lació d’una refineria de la Respol. Com que la implantació va ser famés de trenta anys, hem considerat convenient avaluar les diferències i similituds ambels canvis d’un altre poble. Creiem que aquesta elecció és un pas fonamental del treball,i per això, ha estat, probablement, la part més difícil.Hem pensat en molts candidats, per exemple La Pobla de Montornès, Salomó, laSecuita (Tarragonès), Riudoms (Baix Camp), etc.Però finalment ens vam decantar per Vilallonga del Camp, també situat al Tarragonès;ja que reuneix les condicions necessàries per realitzar l’anàlisi que volíem fer. Si bé notenia ni la mateixa extensió ni el mateix nombre d’habitants quan es va implantar larefineria (uns dels objectius desitjats a l’hora d’escollir el poble a comparar), sí quecompleix el requisit que la indústria estava localitzada només en el terme municipal delMorell i no de Vilallonga del Camp. Addicionalment, hem considerat que les similitudsamb el Morell eren més importants que aquestes discrepàncies. És a dir, ambdós pobleses dedicaven al mateix sector productiu en el moment de la implantació de la indústria,l’agricultura, a més, els nuclis urbans estan separats per només un quilòmetre, això voldir que la climatologia és la mateixa i que les diferències de comunicacions no són gaireimportants; per tant partien d’una situació similar i amb les mateixes expectatives defutur. A partir d’aquí preteníem estudiar l’evolució dels dos pobles, i com tots aquestsfactors han anat variant al llarg del temps.

Tax differentials and agglomeration economies in intraregional firm location

This paper analyses empirically how differences in local taxes affect the intraregional location of new manufacturing plants. These effects are examined within the random profit maximization framework while accounting for the presence of different types of agglomeration economies (localization/ urbanization/ Jacobs¿ economies) at the municipal level. We look at the location decision of more than 10,000 establishments locating between 1996 and 2003 across more than 400 municipalities in Catalonia, a Spanish region. It is necessary to restrict the choice set to the local labor market and, above all, to control for agglomeration economies so as to identify the effects of taxes on the location of new establishments.