From local groups to early states: the development of complexity in protohistoric Catalonia

La recerca sobre la protohistoria de Catalunya s'ha fonamentat tradicionalment en la historia cultural, pero el treba11 deIs darrers vint-i-cinc anys ha comenat a donar 11um sobre aspectes crucials com el canvi social i la formació de l'Estat arcaico Aquest article és una visió general sobre aquests temes. S'hi analitza particularment el paper del creixement demogrMic com a element crucial del canvi social, pero també s'hi té en compte el paper que eventualment hi hagin pogut tenir els moviments de població i el comerç colonial.

Immunomodulation by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in early life

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to exert beneficial physiological effects on body composition and the immune system. However, little information is available on the influence of CLA on immune function during early life periods. The present study evaluates the effect of feeding an 80:20 mixture of cis-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12-CLA isomers duringgestation, suckling and early infancy on the systemic and mucosal immune responses of Wistar rats at three different time points: at the end of the suckling period (21-day-old rats), in early infancy (28-day-old rats), and later in life (adulthood). Cis-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12-CLA isomers were detected in the milk of CLA-fed dams and in the plasma of all CLA-supplemented pups, and the highest content was achieved in those rats supplemented over the longest period. Dietary supplementation with that CLA mix enhances the systemic production of the main in vivo and ex vivo immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes in 21- and 28-day-old rats. Moreover, CLA supplementation during suckling and early infancy also enhances the humoral immune defenses at intestinal level, by means of mucosal IgA increase, whereas down-regulates thesystemic lymphoproliferative response. Finally, we described herein how feeding a diet enriched with the same isomer mix of cis9,trans11- and trans10,cis12-CLA from gestation to adulthood improves the capacity of adult rats to achieve a specific systemic and mucosal immune responses. All these data support the immunomodulatory effects of dietary supplementation of CLA, particularly of the cis9,trans11-CLA isomer, during early stages of life on immune system development, as well as the long-term effects on the specific immune response in adult age.

Gifts of Mars: Warfare and Europe's early rise to riches

Today, per capita income differences around the globe are large ? varying by as much as a factor of 35 across countries (Hall and Jones 1999). These differentials mostly reflect the "Great Divergence" (Sam Huntingon) ? the fact that Western Europe and former European colonies grew rapidly after 1800, while other countries grew much later or stagnated. What is less well-known is that a "First Divergence" preceded the Great Divergence: Western Europe surged ahead of the rest of the world long before technological growth became rapid. Europe in 1500 was already twice as rich on a per capita basis as Africa, and one-third richer than most of Asia (Maddison 2007). In this essay, we explain how Europe's tumultuous politics and deadly penchant for warfare translated into a sustained advantage in per capita incomes.

Evaluación de la psicopatología del preescolar mediante el Early Childhood Inventory-4 (ECI-4): concordancia entre padres y maestros.= Assessment of psychopathology in preschool age children through the Early Childhood Inventory-4 (ECI-4): Agreement among parents and teachers

El objetivo principal de este estudio es conocer la concordancia entre informantes, padres y maestros,en cada una de las dimensiones o categorías diagnósticas del Early Childhood Inventory-4 (ECI-4).Además, se pretende analizar la influencia de la presencia de problemas de salud en los padres en ladescripción y valoración de la conducta de una muestra de 204 alumnos de preescolar (3 a 6 años) deperfiles socioeconómicos diferentes. Los resultados indican que los padres tienden a valorar con mayorseveridad los síntomas, observándose una mayor concordancia entre informantes en los relativos alos trastornos del desarrollo

Multimodal Strategies in Development.Predictive Value of early simultaneosgesture-speech comination

The present study investigates the predictive value of the early appearance of simultaneous pointing-speech combinations. An experimental task was used to obtain a communicative productive sample from nineteen children at 1;0 and 1;3. Infant’s communicative productions, in combination with gaze joint engagement patterns, were analyzed in relation to different social conditions. The results show a significant effect of age and social condition on infants’ communicative productions. Gesture-speech combinations seem to work as a strong communicative resource to attract the adult’s attention in social demanding communicative contexts. Gaze joint engagement was used in combination with simultaneous pointing-speech combinations to attract adults’ attention during social demanding conditions. Finally, the use of simultaneous pointing-speech combinations at 1;0 in demanding conditions predicted greater expressive vocabulary acquisition at 1;3 and 1;6. These results indicate that the use of gesture-speech combinations may be considered a significant step towards the early integration of language components.

Wages and prices in early Catalan industrialisation

[eng] Catalonia was the only Mediterranean region among the early followers of the British Industrial Revolution in the second third of the nineteenth century. The roots of this industrialisation process can be traced back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when the Catalan economy became successfully integrated in international trade and the region enjoyed an intensification of its agrarian and proto-industrial activities. These capitalist developments were subsequently reinforced by a successful printed calico manufacturing business concentrated in the city of Barcelona. Although the factory system was largely adopted by the cotton industry in the 1840s, the diffusion of the spinning jenny had occurred earlier in the 1790s. In this paper, in line with Allen (2009a, 2009b), we explore whether relative factor prices played a role in the widespread adoption of the spinning jenny in Catalonia.

Wages and prices in early Catalan industrialisation

[eng] Catalonia was the only Mediterranean region among the early followers of the British Industrial Revolution in the second third of the nineteenth century. The roots of this industrialisation process can be traced back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when the Catalan economy became successfully integrated in international trade and the region enjoyed an intensification of its agrarian and proto-industrial activities. These capitalist developments were subsequently reinforced by a successful printed calico manufacturing business concentrated in the city of Barcelona. Although the factory system was largely adopted by the cotton industry in the 1840s, the diffusion of the spinning jenny had occurred earlier in the 1790s. In this paper, in line with Allen (2009a, 2009b), we explore whether relative factor prices played a role in the widespread adoption of the spinning jenny in Catalonia.

Wages and prices in early Catalan industrialisation

[eng] Catalonia was the only Mediterranean region among the early followers of the British Industrial Revolution in the second third of the nineteenth century. The roots of this industrialisation process can be traced back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when the Catalan economy became successfully integrated in international trade and the region enjoyed an intensification of its agrarian and proto-industrial activities. These capitalist developments were subsequently reinforced by a successful printed calico manufacturing business concentrated in the city of Barcelona. Although the factory system was largely adopted by the cotton industry in the 1840s, the diffusion of the spinning jenny had occurred earlier in the 1790s. In this paper, in line with Allen (2009a, 2009b), we explore whether relative factor prices played a role in the widespread adoption of the spinning jenny in Catalonia.