Immigrant occupational mobility: Longitudinal evidence from Spain

This article examines the occupational mobility of immigrants between their countries of origin and Spain on the basis of one of the few surveys available internationally with longitudinal information on immigrant employment in home and host countries. The evidence shows that the occupational status of immigrants in the Spanish labour market is, in general, substantially worse than in their countries of origin. The severe loss of occupational status experienced by immigrants is explained by the combined effect of the intense initial downgrading they experience when entering the Spanish labour market and their very slow occupational progress during their stay in Spain. These findings are more in line with the segmented assimilation theory, which suggests a limited or blocked immigrant occupational mobility, than with the assimilation theory, which predicts a U-shaped evolution in the occupational status of immigrants between their home and host countries. As a result, the Spanish case contrasts sharply with previous evidence for other advanced countries, which tends to support the assimilation perspective. Finally, the empirical evidence suggests that one of the elements impeding the occupational mobility of immigrants in Spain is the significant size of the secondary segment of the labour market, which restricts immigrants' opportunities mainly to low-status occupations.

Factors associated with active aging in Finland, Poland, and Spain

BACKGROUND: Continuous population aging has raised international policy interest in promoting active aging (AA). AA theoretical models have been defined from a biomedical or a psychosocial perspective. These models may be expanded including components suggested by lay individuals. This paper aims to study the correlates of AA in three European countries, namely, Spain, Poland, and Finland using four different definitions of AA. METHODS: The EU COURAGE in Europe project was a cross-sectional general adult population survey conducted in a representative sample of the noninstitutionalized population of Finland, Poland, and Spain. Participants (10,800) lived in the community. This analysis focuses on individuals aged 50 years old and over (7,987). Four definitions (two biomedical, one psychosocial, and a complete definition including biomedical, psychosocial, and external variables) of AA were analyzed. RESULTS: Differences in AA were found for country, age, education, and occupation. Finland scored consistently the highest in AA followed by Spain and Poland. Younger age was associated with higher AA. Higher education and occupation was associated with AA. Being married or cohabiting was associated with better AA compared to being widowed or separated in most definitions. Gender and urbanicity were not associated with AA, with few exceptions. Men scored higher in AA only in Spain, whereas there was no gender association in the other two countries. Being widowed was only associated with lower AA in Poland and not being married was associated with lower AA in Poland and Finland but not Spain. CONCLUSIONS: Associations with education, marital status, and occupation suggest that these factors are the most important components of AA. These association patterns, however, seem to vary across the three countries. Actions to promote AA in these countries may be addressed at reducing inequalities in occupation and education or directly tackling the components of AA lacking in each country.

Energy intensity in road freight transport of heavy goods vehicles in Spain

This paper examines the factors that have influenced the energy intensity of the Spanish road freight transport of heavy goods vehicles over the period 1996–2012. This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the factors behind the energy intensity change of road freight and also to inform the design of measures to improve energy efficiency in road freight transport. The paper uses both annual single-period and chained multi-period multiplicative LMDI-II decomposition analysis. The results suggest that the decrease in the energy intensity of Spanish road freight in the period is explained by the change in the real energy intensity index (lower energy consumption per tonne-kilometre transported), which is partially offset by the behaviour of the structural index (greater share in freight transport of those commodities the transportation of which is more energy intensive). The change in energy intensity is analysed in more depth by quantifying the contribution of each commodity through the attribution of changes in Divisia indices.

The burden of disease in Spain: results from the global burden of disease study 2010

BackgroundWe herein evaluate the Spanish population¿s trends in health burden by comparing results of two Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Studies (the GBD studies) performed 20 years apart.MethodsData is part of the GBD study for 1990 and 2010. We present results for mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for the Spanish population. Uncertainty intervals for all measures have been estimated.ResultsNon-communicable diseases accounted for 3,703,400 (95% CI 3,648,270¿3,766,720) (91.3%) of 4,057,400 total deaths, in the Spanish population. Cardiovascular and circulatory diseases were the main cause of mortality among non-communicable diseases (34.7% of total deaths), followed by neoplasms (27.1% of total deaths). Neoplasms, cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, and chronic respiratory diseases were the top three leading causes for YLLs. The most important causes of DALYs in 2010 were neoplasms, cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, and mental and behavioral disorders.ConclusionsMortality and disability in Spain have become even more linked to non-communicable diseases over the last years, following the worldwide trends. Cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, neoplasms, mental and behavioral disorders, and neurological disorders are the leading causes of mortality and disability. Specific focus is needed from health care providers and policy makers to develop health promotion and health education programs directed towards non-communicable disorders.

Gambling in Spain: update on experience, research and policy

AIMS: To describe the current situation of gambling in Spain, sketching its history and discussing the regulations and legislation currently in force within the framework of the European Union (EU), and to review the epidemiology of gambling in Spain, the self-help groups and professional treatments available, and their potential effectiveness. METHODS: A systematic computerized search was performed in three databases (EMBASE, PubMed and PsychINFO, including articles and chapters) and the reference lists from previous reviews to obtain some of the most relevant studies published up to now on the topic of pathologic gambling in Spain. RESULTS: Similar to other EU countries, Spain has a high prevalence of pathologic gambling, focused on specific culturally bounded types of gambling. Expenditure in online gaming has risen significantly in the last few years, prompting the Spanish government to draft new legislation to regulate gaming. CONCLUSIONS: The gaming industry is expected to be one of the fastest growing sectors in Spain in the coming years owing to the rise of new technologies and the development of online gaming

Population-based multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain): rationale and study design

INTRODUCTION: We present the protocol of a large population-based case-control study of 5 common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain) that evaluates environmental exposures and genetic factors. METHODS: Between 2008-2013, 10,183 persons aged 20-85 years were enrolled in 23 hospitals and primary care centres in 12 Spanish provinces including 1,115 cases of a new diagnosis of prostate cancer, 1,750 of breast cancer, 2,171 of colorectal cancer, 492 of gastro-oesophageal cancer, 554 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 4,101 population-based controls matched by frequency to cases by age, sex and region of residence. Participation rates ranged from 57% (stomach cancer) to 87% (CLL cases) and from 30% to 77% in controls. Participants completed a face-to-face computerized interview on sociodemographic factors, environmental exposures, occupation, medication, lifestyle, and personal and family medical history. In addition, participants completed a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire and telephone interviews. Blood samples were collected from 76% of participants while saliva samples were collected in CLL cases and participants refusing blood extractions. Clinical information was recorded for cases and paraffin blocks and/or fresh tumor samples are available in most collaborating hospitals. Genotyping was done through an exome array enriched with genetic markers in specific pathways. Multiple analyses are planned to assess the association of environmental, personal and genetic risk factors for each tumor and to identify pleiotropic effects. DISCUSSION: This study, conducted within the Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), is a unique initiative to evaluate etiological factors for common cancers and will promote cancer research and prevention in Spain.

Streptococcus suis infection and malignancy in man, Spain

Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent. Human infection is associated with occupational exposure to swine. Affected persons are usually, but not always, healthy (1,2). Immunosuppressive conditions can predispose persons to S. suis infection, and cancer has classically been associated as a risk factor for S. suis infection (1,2). Nevertheless, the actual number of reported cases is low (27). We describe a severe case of S. suis infection in a man who had not been exposed to swine but for whom disseminated cancer was diagnosed 5 months after the infection.

Streptococcus suis infection and malignancy in man, Spain

Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent. Human infection is associated with occupational exposure to swine. Affected persons are usually, but not always, healthy (1,2). Immunosuppressive conditions can predispose persons to S. suis infection, and cancer has classically been associated as a risk factor for S. suis infection (1,2). Nevertheless, the actual number of reported cases is low (27). We describe a severe case of S. suis infection in a man who had not been exposed to swine but for whom disseminated cancer was diagnosed 5 months after the infection.

Implementing a Cancer Fast-track programme between primary and specialised care in Catalonia(Spain): amixed methods study

BACKGROUND: The Cancer Fast-track Programme's aim was to reduce the time that elapsed between well-founded suspicion of breast, colorectal and lung cancer and the start of initial treatment in Catalonia (Spain). We sought to analyse its implementation and overall effectiveness. METHODS: A quantitative analysis of the programme was performed using data generated by the hospitals on the basis of seven fast-track monitoring indicators for the period 2006-2009. In addition, we conducted a qualitative study, based on 83 semistructured interviews with primary and specialised health professionals and health administrators, to obtain their perception of the programme's implementation. RESULTS: About half of all new patients with breast, lung or colorectal cancer were diagnosed via the fast track, though the cancer detection rate declined across the period. Mean time from detection of suspected cancer in primary care to start of initial treatment was 32 days for breast, 30 for colorectal and 37 for lung cancer (2009). Professionals associated with the implementation of the programme showed that general practitioners faced with suspicion of cancer had changed their conduct with the aim of preventing lags. Furthermore, hospitals were found to have pursued three specific implementation strategies (top-down, consensus-based and participatory), which made for the cohesion and sustainability of the circuits. CONCLUSION: The programme has contributed to speeding up diagnostic assessment and treatment of patients with suspicion of cancer, and to clarifying the patient pathway between primary and specialised care.

Estimation of lung cancer diagnosis and treatment costs based on a patient-level analysis in Catalonia (Spain)

Background: Assessing of the costs of treating disease is necessary to demonstrate cost-effectiveness and to estimate the budget impact of new interventions and therapeutic innovations. However, there are few comprehensive studies on resource use and costs associated with lung cancer patients in clinical practice in Spain or internationally. The aim of this paper was to assess the hospital cost associated with lung cancer diagnosis and treatment by histology, type of cost and stage at diagnosis in the Spanish National Health Service. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive analysis on resource use and a direct medical cost analysis were performed. Resource utilisation data were collected by means of patient files from nine teaching hospitals. From a hospital budget impact perspective, the aggregate and mean costs per patient were calculated over the first three years following diagnosis or up to death. Both aggregate and mean costs per patient were analysed by histology, stage at diagnosis and cost type. Results: A total of 232 cases of lung cancer were analysed, of which 74.1% corresponded to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 11.2% to small cell lung cancer (SCLC); 14.7% had no cytohistologic confirmation. The mean cost per patient in NSCLC ranged from 13,218 Euros in Stage III to 16,120 Euros in Stage II. The main cost components were chemotherapy (29.5%) and surgery (22.8%). Advanced disease stages were associated with a decrease in the relative weight of surgical and inpatient care costs but an increase in chemotherapy costs. In SCLC patients, the mean cost per patient was 15,418 Euros for limited disease and 12,482 Euros for extensive disease. The main cost components were chemotherapy (36.1%) and other inpatient costs (28.7%). In both groups, the Kruskall-Wallis test did not show statistically significant differences in mean cost per patient between stages. Conclusions: This study provides the costs of lung cancer treatment based on patient file reviews, with chemotherapy and surgery accounting for the major components of costs. This cost analysis is a baseline study that will provide a useful source of information for future studies on cost-effectiveness and on the budget impact of different therapeutic innovations in Spain.

Identificación y priorización de problemas socio-sanitarios de las personas mayores de Roda de Ter, Barcelona : participación ciudadana y grupo nominal, en el estudio previo a la planificación de los estudios de salud

El context social i sanitari del nostre país mostra una resposta insuficient a les creixents necessitats i demandes sociosanitàries de les persones grans. La planificació d’ estratègies en els serveis sanitaris i socials dedicats a l atenció de les persones grans han de ser considerats a partir de criteris racionals i eficients. És un bon mètode la analitzar la situació amb una estratègia qualitativa ? La participació de la gent gran en la definició de problemes aporta alguna perspectiva novedosa?. Per a la gestió sanitària, manquen a la seu anàlisi i avaluació dissenys innovadors útils i de fàcil aplicació. Els objectius de l’ estudi són: 1.-Identificar , definir i prioritzar els problemes socials i sanitaris de les persones majors de 70 anys del municipi de Roda de Ter ( Barcelona), emprant la tècnica de Grup Nominal. 2.-Avaluar una dinàmica de participació ciutadana per la detecció de problemes i necessitats. Metodologia. S’organitza un grup nominal per a la identificació, definició i priorització dels problemes de salut. El grup està constituït per 11 persones clau, persones especialment implicades en el context social del municipi , entre els que hi ha els profesionals dels serveis socials i sanitaris. Resultats. Es varen identificar 15 problemes i es varen prioritzar en 3 grups, de major a menor importància. En el primer grup: la soledat, manca i dificultat d’ accés a l’ informació, problemes d’ ordre fisiològic: limitacions físiques,incontinència urinària y el dolor, les barreres rquitectòniques en el domicili, el soport als cuidadors, la manca de serveis d’ ajuda a domicili. El segon grup: diners, la qualitat de les relacions familiars, l’ automedicació, la manca de coneixement del que significa ser gran per part dels fills i barreres arquitectòniques al carrer. En el tercer grup: disposar d’ajudar de confiança per als tràmits i gestions econòmiques administratives, disposar de companyia per anar als llocs i manca de mitjans de transport per anar als llocs. Discussió. La anàlisi dels resultats suggereix seguir les següents línees d’ actuació: 1.Promoció de la qualitat de les relacions familiars i socials. 2.Elaborar programes específics per : atenció al dolor crònic, rehabilitació i manteniment físic, diagnòstic i tractament de la vista i oïda, reeducació de la presa de medicaments, programa de reeducació vesical. 3.Creació d’ estratègies de comunicació eficients dirigides a persones grans. 4.Allargar l’ estada en el domicili fomentant l’ autonomia individual mitjançant: serveis a domicili, ajudes tècniques,reeducació d’ activitats de la vida diària i adaptació de l’habitatge. 5.Atenció i suport al cuidador de persones dependents. 6.Creació de serveis d’assessoria legal, administrativa i financera. 7.Reivindicació de l’ acompliment de la llei de supressió de barreres arquitectòniques. La dinàmica interdisciplinar, la participació ciutadana y la utilització d’una estratègia d’investigació qualitativa com el grup nominal, s’ha valorat com unes eines útils per a la planificació en l’àmbit sociosanitari. Des de el punt de vista dels professionals dels serveis implicats, s’ha introduit canvis importants en la definicó dels conceptes sobre la salut i la qualitat de vida de les persones grans. En conjunt, hem contrastat les possibilitats d’ una altra forma d’analitzar els problemes de salut de les persones grans y ens ha permès pensar en accions futures d’una forma diferent a la realitzada fins al moment, basada principalment en estratègies quantitatives, per a l’ abordatge de la qualitat de vida.

Urban population density functions : the case of the Barcelona region

L'anàlisi de la densitat urbana és utilitzada per examinar la distribució espacial de la població dins de les àrees urbanes, i és força útil per planificar els serveis públics. En aquest article, s'estudien setze formes funcionals clàssiques de la relació existent entre la densitat i la distancia en la regió metropolitana de Barcelona i els seus onze subcentres.

Un modelo de predicción de la insolvencia empresarial aplicado al sector téxtil y confección de Barcelona (1994-1997)

En los últimos 30 años la proliferación de modelos cuantitativos de predicción de la insolvencia empresarial en la literatura contable y financiera ha despertado un gran interés entre los especialistas e investigadores de la materia. Lo que en un principio fueron unos modelos elaborados con un único objetivo, han derivado en una fuente de investigación constante En este documento se formula un modelo de predicción de la insolvencia a través de la combinación de diferentes variables cuantitativas extraídas de los estados contables de una muestra de empresas para los años 1994-1997. A través de un procedimiento por etapas se selecciona e interpreta cuáles son las más relevantes en cuanto a aportación de información. Así mismo se comparan dos procedimientos estadísticos que se uitilizan en este tipo de investigaciones: la regresión logística y el análisis discriminante múltiple. Llegados a este punto, se compara qué tipo de selección de variables alcanza mejores resultados.

Urbanización y consumo: la ingesta de proteínas animales en Barcelona durante los siglos XIX y XX.

Los procesos de urbanización en la Europa occidental han sido analizados desde diversas perspectivas. En unos casos, como resultado de un diverso conjunto de cambios económicos, políticos y sociales y en otros, como causa a su vez de otros procesos posteriores, que habrían reforzado la senda del crecimiento. A menudo estas perspectivas son complementarias, al diferenciarse por las variables dependientes e independientes elegidas en cada caso. Reconocer esta situación, sin embargo, no exime de precisar mejor dos cuestiones: cómo funcionaron los mecanismos de transmisión de los cambios observados entre unas y otras variables, y cómo evolucionaron en el tiempo estos mecanismos. En el presente artículo avanzaremos algunas respuestas a estas cuestiones. Con esta finalidad tomaremos como referencia aquellos razonamientos que ponen el acento en la evolución de los ingresos, para explicar dos aspectos del crecimiento económico: los cambios que se experimentaron en la dieta en los núcleos urbanos durante los siglos XIX y XX y los cambios que se experimentaron en la disponibilidad de sus componentes. En estos análisis también se consideran los cambios en los precios, pero en la medida que esta variable acostumbraba a tener valores más altos en las ciudades y que sus tendencias a escala espacial tendieron a confluir, su consideración acostumbra a ocupar un lugar secundario en los análisis mencionados. En este artículo discutiremos estas cuestiones, analizando el consumo de proteínas animales en la ciudad de Barcelona entre mediados del siglo XIX y 1935.

The Spanish cadet in the European military context a comparative analysis of the professional socialisation

Research on the attitudes, motivations and social and political behavior of European cadets have been made throughout the last decade. Nowadays Spain also joins those surveys. Thru the analysis of polling data, we can consider the different attitudes of Spanish cadets in relation with the other European ones. The conclusion is that although the Spanish political transition to democracy has not ended already in the military teaching system, there are a lot of similarities among Spanish and European cadets.