The synthesis of 1,2,3,6,6a,7-hexahydro-7-methyl-5-imino-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazolo[5,4-b]indole

N-3-(1-Methylindol-3-yl)propan-N-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxysulfonyl)guanidine was synthesized from 3-formyl-1-methylindole in six steps and subjected to conditions intended to convert the side-chain into a 2-iminotetrahydropyrimidine- containing product, of relevance to a possible synthesis of the aplicyanins. An alternative reaction course was observed, resulting in the formation of a new tetracyclic system.

Total synthesis of lamellarin D and analogs library

Larnellarins are a group of marine natural products isolated from the prosobranch mollusc Lamellaria sp., the ascidian Didemnum sp., and the sponge Dendrilla Cactos. Several of them exhibit interesting biological activities. Natural as well as synthetic lamellarins should be excellent candidates for the development of new drugs due to their unique skeletal structure and their important biological activities especially as antitumor agents. Lamelarin O has been recently characterized as a topoisomerase 1-targeted anti tumor agent. A variety of synthetic approaches have been developed for this family of alkaloids. Herein we describe a new route to the synthesis of Lamellarin D, from a methyl 2-pyrrolecarboxylate. Transformation of the starting material into the scaffold, a substituted 5,6-dihydropyrrolo (2,l ­a)isoquinoline (5,6-DHPl), was afforded by N-alkylation followed by intramolecular Heck cyclization. From this scaffold the synthetic strategy is based on two sequential regioselective bromination!Suzuki cross-coupling reactions which permitted the introduction of differently substituted aryl groups on positions 1 and 2 followed by oxidation, deprotection, and lactonization.

The synthesis of 1,2,3,6,6a,7-hexahydro-7-methyl-5-imino-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazolo[5,4-b]indole

N-3-(1-Methylindol-3-yl)propan-N-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxysulfonyl)guanidine was synthesized from 3-formyl-1-methylindole in six steps and subjected to conditions intended to convert the side-chain into a 2-iminotetrahydropyrimidine- containing product, of relevance to a possible synthesis of the aplicyanins. An alternative reaction course was observed, resulting in the formation of a new tetracyclic system.

Parallel characterizations of a generalized shapley value and a generalized banzhaf value for cooperative games with level structure of cooperation

We present parallel characterizations of two different values in the framework of restricted cooperation games. The restrictions are introduced as a finite sequence of partitions defined on the player set, each of them being coarser than the previous one, hence forming a structure of different levels of a priori unions. On the one hand, we consider a value first introduced in Ref. [18], which extends the Shapley value to games with different levels of a priori unions. On the other hand, we introduce another solution for the same type of games, which extends the Banzhaf value in the same manner. We characterize these two values using logically comparable properties.

¿Qué les queda a los jóvenes?

Uno de los retos actuales de la intervención psicomotriz es tener en cuenta el contexto social y cultural del momento y percibir qué lo caracteriza y de que manera va a condicionar nuestra intervención. La experiencia nos muestra que una de las manifestaciones de nuestro contexto se encuentra en lo que podemos llamar individualismo entendido como la actitud que nos lleva a pensar y a actuar de modo independiente y que pone énfasis en los derechos individuales o en el propio interés. A partir de esta situación nos planteamos favorecer en niños y niñas, a partir de la intervención psicomotriz, el desarrollo de actitudes de sensibilidad, respeto y reciprocidad hacia el otro ayudándoles a aprender a: mirar y a tocar al otro, a pensar en el otro y a escuchar, hablar, estar y jugar con el otro.

L’Inventari de recursos turístics a l’àmbit local: metodologia per a l’inventari dels recursos naturals i culturals per a la Carta Europea de Turisme Sostenible al Parc Natural del Montseny

El present projecte neix de la proposta facilitada per l’Oficina del Parc Natural del Montseny en relació a les accions a portar a terme dins els compromisos de la Carta Europea de Turisme Sostenible (CETS) al parc durant els anys 2011-2015. Es dissenya una metodologia a portar a terme per a l’elaboració de l’inventariat dels recursos turístics, naturals i culturals, dins dels municipis que engloben el territori de la Carta. Així mateix, aquest projecte pretén ser una eina útil, no només per a la catalogació dels recursos, sinó també per a la jerarquització d’aquests en termes de potencial turístic

Reliable entertainment: Spanish consumers' preferences regarding a film's country of origin

This article contributes to the study of cinema audiences in Europe by analyzing theactual behavior of Spanish moviegoers and their level of satisfaction. We modeledmoviegoers’ choice of film by country of origin (U.S.A., Spain, and other countries)according to a set of determinants: (1) consumers’ interpretation of several sources of information, (2) motivations and (3) choice rules. We found three clear consumerstereotypes related to each type of film: (1) U.S.A. films were preferred by almost everyone (especially families and younger audiences); (2) Spanish films had audiences composed of middle-age and middle-class moviegoers; and (3) European productions were preferred by a social or intellectual elite. U.S.A. films dominate the Spanish market for the reason that they provide most of what moviegoers prefer, namely, familiar, reliable entertainment in Spanish; three characteristics that are not satisfied by Spanish and European films. Additionally, we discuss the implications for the European cultural policy

Evolutionary analysis of mitogenomes from parasitic and free-living flatworms

Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are useful and relatively accessible sources of molecular data to explore and understand the evolutionary history and relationships of eukaryotic organisms across diverse taxonomic levels. The availability of complete mitogenomes from Platyhelminthes is limited; of the 40 or so published most are from parasitic flatworms (Neodermata). Here, we present the mitogenomes of two free-living flatworms (Tricladida): the complete genome of the freshwater species Crenobia alpina (Planariidae) and a nearly complete genome of the land planarian Obama sp. (Geoplanidae). Moreover, we have reanotated the published mitogenome of the species Dugesia japonica (Dugesiidae). This contribution almost doubles the total number of mtDNAs published for Tricladida, a species-rich group including model organisms and economically important invasive species. We took the opportunity to conduct comparative mitogenomic analyses between available free-living and selected parasitic flatworms in order to gain insights into the putative effect of life cycle on nucleotide composition through mutation and natural selection. Unexpectedly, we did not find any molecular hallmark of a selective relaxation in mitogenomes of parasitic flatworms; on the contrary, three out of the four studied free-living triclad mitogenomes exhibit higher A+T content and selective relaxation levels. Additionally, we provide new and valuable molecular data to develop markers for future phylogenetic studies on planariids and geoplanids.

Cálculo de evaporadores de múltiple efecto en paralelo. Parte I: Modelo matemático y análisis del mismo

En el presente artículo se desarrolla el modelo matemático de un sistema de evaporadores de múltiple efecto operando en paralelo. Se analiza asimismo el modelo matemático para hallar el número de grados de libertad del sistema y la forma de consumir esos grados de libertad.

Cálculo de evaporadores de múltiple efecto en paralelo: Parte II. Resolución del modelo matemático y un ejemplo numérico

En el presente artículo se expone la resolución mediante calculador digital, del modelo matemático de evaporadores de múltiple efecto que fue publicado en Química e Industria, en el número del pasado mes de febrero.

A Novel Missense Mutation, I890T, in the Pore Region of Cardiac Sodium Channel Causes Brugada Syndrome

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a life-threatening, inherited arrhythmogenic syndrome associated with autosomal dominant mutations in SCN5A, the gene encoding the cardiac Na₊ channel alpha subunit (Naᵥ1.5). The aim of this work was to characterize the functional alterations caused by a novel SCN5A mutation, I890T, and thus establish whether this mutation is associated with BrS. The mutation was identified by direct sequencing of SCN5A from the proband’s DNA. Wild-type (WT) or I890T Naᵥ1.5 channels were heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Sodium currents were studied using standard whole cell patch-clamp protocols and immunodetection experiments were performed using an antibody against human Naᵥ1.5 channel. A marked decrease in current density was observed in cells expressing the I890T channel (from -52.0 ± 6.5 pA/pF, n=15 to 35.9 ± 3.4 pA/pF, n = 22, at -20 mV, WT and I890T, respectively). Moreover, a positive shift of the activation curve was identified (V½ =-32.0 ± 0.3 mV, n = 18, and -27.3 ± 0.3 mV, n = 22, WT and I890T, respectively). No changes between WT and I890T currents were observed in steady-state inactivation, time course of inactivation, slow inactivation or recovery from inactivation parameters. Cell surface protein biotinylation analyses confirmed that Nav1.5 channel membrane expression levels were similar in WT and I890T cells. In summary, our data reveal that the I890T mutation, located within the pore of Nav1.5, causes an evident loss-of-function of the channel. Thus, the BrS phenotype observed in the proband is most likely due to this mutation

Col·loqui amb Laura Mora, Marco Deriu, Núria Beitia i Clara Jourdan sobre les ponències del Seminari La democràcia igualitària i la violència contra les dones / La democracia igualitaria y la violencia contra las mujeres

Transcripció del col·loqui amb Laura Mora, Marco Deriu, Núria Beitia i Clara Jourdan sobre les ponències del Seminari 'La democràcia igualitària i la violència contra les dones'

An fMRI Study of Emotional engagement in decicion-making

It has been suggested that decisionmaking depends on sensitive feelings associatedwith cognitive processing rather than cognitiveprocessing alone. From human lesions, we knowthe medial anterior inferior-ventral prefrontalcortex processes the sensitivity associated withcognitive processing, it being essentiallyresponsible for decision making.In this fMRI (functional Magnetic ResonanceImage) study 15 subjects were analyzed usingmoral dilemmas as probes to investigate the neuralbasis for painful-emotional sensitivity associatedwith decision making. We found that a networkcomprising the posterior and anterior cingulateand the medial anterior prefrontal cortex wassignificantly and specifically activated by painfulmoral dilemmas, but not by non-painful dilemmas.These findings provide new evidence that thecingulate and medial anterior prefrontal areinvolved in processing painful emotionalsensibility, in particular, when decision makingtakes place. We speculate that decision makinghas a cognitive component processed by cognitivebrain areas and a sensitivity component processedby emotional brain areas. The structures activatedsuggest that decision making depends on painfulemotional feeling processing rather than cognitiveprocessing when painful feeling processinghappens

Larock Reaction in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

The indole ring is one of the most common features in natural products and small molecules with important bioactivity. Larock reported a new methodology for the synthesis of the indole ring system based on the palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation of 2-iodoaniline and substituted alkyne moieties. This procedure was subsequently extended to the preparation of other nitrogen- and oxygen- containing heterocycles. This is the process of choice for the synthesis of a large number of heterocyclic derivatives, as it provides outstanding regioselectivity and good to excellent yields.

Larock Reaction in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

The indole ring is one of the most common features in natural products and small molecules with important bioactivity. Larock reported a new methodology for the synthesis of the indole ring system based on the palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation of 2-iodoaniline and substituted alkyne moieties. This procedure was subsequently extended to the preparation of other nitrogen- and oxygen- containing heterocycles. This is the process of choice for the synthesis of a large number of heterocyclic derivatives, as it provides outstanding regioselectivity and good to excellent yields.