Percepciones de distintos agentes sociales acerca de la educación formal de los chicos y chicas tutelados

This article examines the education of children and young people in public care and the available data about their situation from several conceptual perspectives.We present a qualitative empirical study on how a sample of care leavers perceives this situation as well as the stakeholders involved in the public care process: managers of services and nominated adults by young people. We present results from a total of 96 interviews conducted in Catalonia. The young people interviewed (N = 35) were between 19 and 22 years old and were selected among those who at the age of 16 were still in care and had good academic results and the capacity andmotivation to continue studying. These young people were interviewed twice, the second a year after to follow the achievement of their training plans. The resultsshow their perception concerning the circumstances that make it easier or difficult to continue studying. Moreover, the results show the matches, mismatches anddiversity among their answers and those of other stakeholders interviewed about what factors facilitate and difficult the education. These results suggest the need for an in-depth review on the representations about the formal education of children in care from professionals and care policies, and how they address the support they need to participate in education

Spanish pension system: population aging and immigration policy

There is a widespread consensus in the literature that, as consequence of the demographic transition, the current Spanish pension system will become unsustainable in the next decades. In this article we evaluate the sustainability of the contributory pensions' sub-system, taking into account the demographic projections by the Spanish Statistical Office (INE). A baseline scenario is projected as well as several reforms are simulated, focusing on: (i) selective immigration policy, (ii) changes in the way of setting the pensions and (iii) increase of the legal age of retirement up to 68. The main results are the following. The current system would not incur deficits until 2018, from then deficits will begin to be accumulated. The expenditure in pensions practically would double (from 8.3 % in 2005 to 17.2 % in 2050). A selective immigration policy -towards foreign young people- would help, but does not solve the long-term sustainability of the current system. A policy that combines a pensions' growth at a pace lower than productivity growth and extends the legal age of retirement up to 68 would give solvency to the system beyond 2029

Estudi i anàlisi de la violència i els joves que es troben en disposició dels serveis judicials

Aquest treball tracta sobre la violència. Específicament sobre el que els joves entre 14 i 23 anys en pensen. Socialment la violència s’associa al fet de ser home. Per tant, podem pensar que per demostrar la seva virilitat molts homes joves la poden utilitzar. Però, què passa en el cas de les joves? Per què la violència continua sent una eina no de supervivència sinó d’estil de vida? Com podem entendre aquestes subtileses que de vegades s’escapen a primer cop d’ull? Aquest estudi és ambiciós, però al mateix temps realista. Busquem conèixer, entendre i contribuir a crear línies d’accions que facilitin l’eradicació de la violència. Sabem que amb un sol estudi i de curta durada és impossible, però el que volem és iniciar aquest procés. Per això, aquest estudi utilitza una metodologia variada (IAT, fotointervenció i entrevistes) que ha permès veure la part qualitativa, de vegades oblidada, però que ens permet veure, pel seu caràcter il•lustrador, allò que la simple utilització quantitativa no reflecteix per si mateixa. La població estudiada són joves a disposició judicial, pares i mares, professionals del Servei de Justícia i joves que no es troben en disposició judicial. Els resultats obtinguts posen sobre la taula la convivència de les idees tradicionals sobre el que és ser home, el que és ser dona i el que s’entén per violència, amb el mite d’igualtat i no masclisme. Invita a aprofundir en les raons per continuar mantenint la violència com a forma no sols de resolució de conflicte, sinó com a estil de vida lligat al fet de ser d’un sexe o de l’altre i de caràcter immodificable. Des de les dades obtingudes i la seva anàlisi proposem, en termes generals, la continuïtat de la recerca, la formació sobre sexualitat, gènere, violència, vincles, poder, etc. I activitats cap a la sensibilització.

Els menors i la violència contra la parella. Aproximació a les característiques psicològiques, sòcio-demogràfiques i judicials de les dues parts implicades

L’estudi vol donar a conèixer les característiques psicològiques, sòcio-demogràfiques i judicials dels menors denunciats per agredir a la seva parella, alhora que també vol donar a conèixer les característiques sòcio-demogràfiques de les víctimes d’aquests joves. La recerca es circumscriu a la província de Barcelona. La mostra de l’estudi són 90 casos que van passar entre gener de 2007 i juny de 2010 amb la qualificació feta inicialment per la Fiscalia de Barcelona de: violència domèstica, maltractament en l’àmbit familiar, lesions, vexacions, actes/accions contra la integritat moral i violència física contra les persones, ja siguin delictes o faltes.

Deciding where to belong: gender differences in educational trajectories and migration in a rural Spanish town

From an anthropological perspective, formal post-secondary schooling is not an abstractentity with an intrinsic value that everyone finds desirable, but rather one alternative among many that young people evaluate from their different positions in the social field. The problem discussed in this paper is the diverging life trajectories that young men and women in a concrete rural context, at the end of the 20th century, shape for themselves at the ages of 14-16, a moment of decision created by national legislation regarding mandatory education (LGE, 1970, General Education Law, and LOGSE, 1990, General Organic Law of the Education System). Despite a strong cultural norm of equal inheritance divided among all children, male and female, and despite the equal educational opportunities provided by the Spanish State, different meanings of possession and use-rights over land and the resulting culturally accepted gendered division of work converge to orient men and women differently towards post-secondary schooling. Observation of the age, gender, and civil status structure of the population led to the preliminary query: Why do men and women, in this town, behave differently with respect to migration and marriage? The main hypothesis was that women’s longer school trajectories and resulting migration and men’s anchoring in the town and their higher rates of celibacy were not drastic changes in values, in the positional-relational sense of Bourdieu (1988, 2002), but the current outcome of previously existing dissimilar relations to property that produce dissimilar mobility. Through their schooling and work choices, young men and women, at very early ages, locate themselves in, or decide to belong to, different contexts that later reveal very different possibilities of finding marriage partners. This paper is based on an ethnographic study of a small rural town (302 inhabitants in 1950; 193 in 2000) near Leon. Although this paper deals with the situation in the final decades of the 20th century, we must also consider the first half of the century, where some elements that shape this situation have their roots. Fieldwork was carried out between 1988 and 2001, in periods of differing length and intensity. The social subjects discussed here are the domestic unit and its component members. They were studied in conjunction, analyzing the life-trajectory decisions of specific persons in the framework of the domestic unit and the relations among people and property which comprise it. The tried-and-true methods of ethnographic research –participant observation, interviews, and life-histories, etc.- were employed. Archival research was also important for producing demographic data. Demographic analysis, the analysis of the composition and transformation of domestic units, and the creation of life trajectories were among the principal techniques used. The theoretical analysis was oriented by Bourdieu’s (2002) framework of the social field, habitus, and difference.

Educational pathways of minority youth in Norway: intersections of gender, ethnicity and social class

Educational aspirations during lower secondary school and choice of upper secondary education are important for young people’s future trajectories into higher education and labour market positions. In line with ideas about reflexive, autonomous individuals (Giddens, 1991), choice of education is often represented as a young person’ individual decision, and educational guidance as aimed at discovering what ‘fits’ an individual’s personality, interests and abilities. Educational aspirations and choices are also social patterns that are reproduced. Some population categories represent exceptions from expected patterns of social reproduction of educational level and professions. In several countries, one such category is young people from families with migration experiences (Lauglo, 2000; Modood, 2004). In Norway, students have a legal right to non-compulsory upper secondary schooling and 96 percent of the students continue from lower to upper secondary school. In spite of positive developments regarding minority youths’ completion of upper secondary and higher education in later years, studies still persistently show lower educational attainment among minority youth, particularly among boys (Fekjaer, 2006). However, in lower secondary school, minor ity youth tend to have markedly higher educational aspirations and stronger learning motivation than their majority peers, as well as greater effort in school and strong adherence to school values (Lauglo, 2000) despite lower educational attainment or lower socio-economic backgrounds. In addition, gender differences in educational aspirations seem to be smaller among minority youth. The principal objective of the study in progress that will be presented in this paper, is to describe how processes relating to gendered, ethnic and class-based identities influence young people’s educational choices. The study is undertaken as a PhD project in social anthropology. The methodological approach is ethnographic longitudinal fieldwork in two multicultural lower secondary schools in Oslo. The study is part of a larger project that also include quantitative analyses of longitudinal data covering 9th graders in Oslo 2006 through four data collections during lower and upper secondary school.

Validesa, generalització i seguiment del programa prosocial. Un estudi transversal i longitudinal

Aquest projecte és una continuació lògica de la investigació realitzada durant l’any 2005. Ha consistit en l’aplicació del programa a un conjunt de joves infractors de les terres de Lleida i el seu seguiment per conèixer la possible reincidència en el delicte. L’objectiu general era disposar d’un instrument d’intervenció eficaç en Medi Obert per al tractament de menors amb mesures judicials, de manera que els menors es vegin beneficiats pel contingut d’un programa que augmenta la competència i autoestima prosocial. L’estudi s’ha fet amb 10 menors, 5 en el grup experimental i 5 en el grup de control, dintre de la població que al començament de 2006 es trobava sota mesura imposada pel jutge de llibertat vigilada o sota mesura de realització de tasques socioeducatives. Els resultats del seguiment dels menors que han realitzat el programa porta als autors a concloure que la taxa de reincidència en el delicte és molt inferior en els joves que han seguit el programa que en els que no l’han seguit. Aquesta taxa també és inferior a la mitjana de reincidència per mesures de medi obert de Lleida i Catalunya