Ecoetiques de serveis als establiments hotelers del Parc Natural de l'Alt Pirineu

En el present projecte s’analitza el turisme i la seva relació amb la figura del Parc Natural de l’Alt Pirineu (a partir d’ara PNAP). A la zona d’estudi el turisme és una de les principals activitats econòmiques, donat el notable valor ecologico-cultural de l’indret. L’activitat turística al PNAP és molt diversa, és per aquest motiu que s’observen diverses repercussions en l’entorn segons la tipologia de turisme que es doni. Donada aquesta realitat, l’estudi que es presenta està centrat en el sector hoteler de l’àmbit d’influència del PNAP. D’aquesta forma, s’analitza i diagnostica l’estat de qualitat ambiental dels hotels i pensions que componen el sector. Les eines emprades en aquest estudi han estat dues. Primerament, s’avalua la implantació del Distintiu de Garantia de Qualitat Ambiental (a partir d’ara DGQA). El DGQA és una ecoetiqueta de serveis, de recent creació, que atorga la Generalitat de Catalunya a partir de la revisió de l’establiment per mitjà d’un tècnic autoritzat. En segon terme, s’ha creat i emprat un producte anomenat Enquesta Bàsica d’Auto-xequeig de Qualitat Ambiental (a partir d’ara EBAQA). L’EBAQA té una doble finalitat. Per una banda respon a la necessitat d’autodiagnosi que tenen els propietaris, al ser aquests qui realitzen l’enquesta. Per altra banda, permet determinar quin és l’estat de qualitat ambiental del sector hoteler a la zona d’estudi a partir de l’avaluació de 35 dels 67 establiments existents a l’àmbit d’influència del PNAP, el qual representa una mostra del 61%.

Spanish pension system: population aging and immigration policy

There is a widespread consensus in the literature that, as consequence of the demographic transition, the current Spanish pension system will become unsustainable in the next decades. In this article we evaluate the sustainability of the contributory pensions' sub-system, taking into account the demographic projections by the Spanish Statistical Office (INE). A baseline scenario is projected as well as several reforms are simulated, focusing on: (i) selective immigration policy, (ii) changes in the way of setting the pensions and (iii) increase of the legal age of retirement up to 68. The main results are the following. The current system would not incur deficits until 2018, from then deficits will begin to be accumulated. The expenditure in pensions practically would double (from 8.3 % in 2005 to 17.2 % in 2050). A selective immigration policy -towards foreign young people- would help, but does not solve the long-term sustainability of the current system. A policy that combines a pensions' growth at a pace lower than productivity growth and extends the legal age of retirement up to 68 would give solvency to the system beyond 2029

Pre-jubilacions i progrés: un absurd del nostre temps?

El sentit comú ens diu que si una persona que està treballant, és a dir, produint, deixa de fer-ho en ser pre-jubilada, posem als 52 anys, la societat a la que pertany disminueix el seu potencial productiu. No obstant això les pre-jubilacions es defensen normalment com una necessitat per a que l’empresa sigui més competitiva i així el país sigui més competitiu. L’absurd a que es refereix el títol pot resumir-se així: ‘reduir el potencial productiu del país per a fer el país més competitiu’. Com d’altres absurds similars, te, clar, la seva ‘explicació’ social-política. I de fet els economistes tendim a mirar amb certa condescendència als qui verbalitzen un absurd d’aquests tipus, perquè deduïm que qui ho fa no és capaç d’adonar-se’n que aquestes qüestions econòmiques no són tan senzilles. O, en el fons si que ho són?

Prediction of the economic cost of individual long-term care in the Spanish population

Pensions together with savings and investments during active life are key elements of retirement planning. Motivation for personal choices about the standard of living, bequest and the replacement ratio of pension with respect to last salary income must be considered. This research contributes to the financial planning by helping to quantify long-term care economic needs. We estimate life expectancy from retirement age onwards. The economic cost of care per unit of service is linked to the expected time of needed care and the intensity of required services. The expected individual cost of long-term care from an onset of dependence is estimated separately for men and women. Assumptions on the mortality of the dependent people compared to the general population are introduced. Parameters defining eligibility for various forms of coverage by the universal public social care of the welfare system are addressed. The impact of the intensity of social services on individual predictions is assessed, and a partial coverage by standard private insurance products is also explored. Data were collected by the Spanish Institute of Statistics in two surveys conducted on the general Spanish population in 1999 and in 2008. Official mortality records and life table trends were used to create realistic scenarios for longevity. We find empirical evidence that the public long-term care system in Spain effectively mitigates the risk of incurring huge lifetime costs. We also find that the most vulnerable categories are citizens with moderate disabilities that do not qualify to obtain public social care support. In the Spanish case, the trends between 1999 and 2008 need to be further explored.

Ecoetiqueta de serveis i aprofitament dels recursos hídrics i energètics als establiments hotelers de Sitges

Aquest projecte té com a objectiu l’estudi de l’estat ambiental dels hotels del municipi de Sitges i l’estudi d’aprofitament dels recursos hídrics i energètics característics d’aquesta zona del Mediterrani per hotels de 4 i 5 estrelles. Sitges és un municipi que al període estival dobla la població, i que amb una superfície de 43,85 Km2 conta amb 35 hotels i apart pensions, hostals i càmpings, per tant, el turisme és l’activitat més important a Sitges. Per desenvolupar aquest projecte s’ha realitzat una enquesta senzilla sobre qualitat ambiental per conèixer el comportament ambiental dels diferents hotels. En aquest estudi han participat 15 dels 35 hotels del municipi, ja que el 49% d’aquests romanen tancats des d’Octubre fins a Març i dels 18 hotels restants 15 han accedit a formar part d’aquest estudi. A través d’una prova pilot s’ha avaluat la implantació del Distintiu de Garantia de Qualitat Ambiental a l’hotel Antemare i a l’hotel Sunway Playa Golf, aquests dos hotels pertanyen a la categoria de quatre estrelles, categoria que reuneix més nombre d’hotels i el tant per cent d’ocupació és major en comparació amb les altres categories. El DGQA és una ecoetiqueta de serveis que atorga la Generalitat de Catalunya a partir de la revisió de l’establiment per mitjà d’un tècnic autoritzat. S’ha analitzat l’aprofitament dels recursos local com, les aigües pluvials i la radiació solar en els hotels de 4 i 5 estrelles per obtenir l’autosuficiència individual dels 9 hotels objecte d’estudi. Els resultats obtinguts en aquest estudi reflecteixen la possibilitat de millorar l’estat ambiental dels establiments hotelers, duent a terme alguns criteris bàsics com, la recollida selectiva i una major implantació d’energies renovables, així com també la utilització d’aquestes per assolir un cert nivell d’autosuficiència energètica i hídrica. La prova pilot mostra que els dos hotels estudiats estan molt a prop d’aconseguir el DGQA, els vectors on s’haurien de fer millores són, informació ambiental, energia, aigua i residus.

El Impacto sobre el gasto de la reforma de las pensiones: una primera estimación

En este trabajo se presenta una primera estimación del impacto de la reforma del sistema de pensiones acordada por el Gobierno y los agentes sociales en enero de 2011. Tras actualizar las proyecciones de gasto en pensiones realizadas por de la Fuente y Doménech (2009) para el período 2008-60, se analiza el impacto sobre esta variable de la elevación de la edad de jubilación hasta los 67 años, la ampliación del período de cómputo de las pensiones y el aumento en el número de años de cotización necesarios para alcanzar el 100% de la base reguladora. Condicionados a los supuestos realizados sobre la evolución del empleo, la productividad y la demografía, los resultados sugieren que estas medidas tendrán un impacto apreciable sobre el gasto en pensiones, con un ahorro que ascenderá a dos puntos de PIB al final del período transitorio en 2027. No obstante, dadas las incertidumbres existentes sobre la evolución futura de muchas de las variables que afectan a los resultados, sería deseable adelantar la introducción del llamado factor de sostenibilidad al inicio de la reforma, de forma que exista un mecanismo claro para modular el ritmo y el alcance de las reformas previstas si así lo exige la situación financiera del sistema antes del final del período transitorio.

A simple model of aggregate pension expenditure

This paper develops a simple model that can be used to analyze the long-term sustainability of the contributive pension system and the steady-state response of pension expenditure to changes in some key demographic and economic variables, in the characteristics of the average pensioner and in the parameters that describe how pensions are calculated in Spain as a function of workers' Social Security contribution histories.

Claves para el trabajo con la muestra continua de vidas laborales

Desde el año 2005 la comunidad científica cuenta con una nueva fuente de información anual para el estudio de las dinámicas del mercado de trabajo y del sistema de previsión social de carácter contributivo en España. Sus microdatos, que reciben el nombre de Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL), proceden de tres registros administrativos: la Seguridad Social, el Padrón Continuo Municipal y la Agencia Tributaria. En este trabajo se exponen sus características fundamentales, al tiempo que se plantean algunas pautas básicas para afrontar las dificultades en el manejo de sus datos. Entre ellas destacan las peculiaridades de su estructura panel; el tratamiento del pluriempleo y las situaciones simultáneas; el modo en que se computa una relación laboral; y los problemas para la identificación de la estructura familiar.

The Generational contract in the family : explaining regime differences in financial transfers from parents to children in Europe

The exchange of social and economic support between the generationsis one of the main pillars of both family life and welfare systems. Thedebate on how to reform the generational contract is still truncated, however, by focusing on its public dimension only, especially on pensions and health care provisions. For a full account, the transfer of resources between adult generations in the family needs to be included as well. In our previous research we have shown that intergenerationalexchange is more likely to take place but less intense in the Nordicwelfare regime than in the Continental and Southern ones. In thepresent paper we analyze the social mechanisms that create and explain this nexus between patterns of intergenerational transfers and welfare regimes. The notion that Southern European family support networksare stronger and more effective than those of Continental and Northern European countries is only partially confirmed. In Southern (and partly in Continental) countries, children are mostly supported by means of co-residence with their parents till their complete economicindependence. However, once they have left the parental home thereare fewer transfers; support tends to be restricted to children who have special needs (such as for the formation of their own family), and depends more on their parents’ resources. In the Nordic countries, in contrast, transfers are less driven by children’s needs and parentalresources.

Women's employment and the adult caring burden

Demographic ageing is increasing pensions, health and social services spending and threatening the future balance of public budgets. Providing home care can help to curb health expenditure and it may improve elderly welfare also, but EU states have chosen different policies in providing home are. Main differences are related with source of financing and eligibility criteria but also with the kind of benefits (benefits in cash or in kind). How these different options affect welfare and carers’ employment opportunities is the core of this research. Home care growth is going to be more efficient as far as it pro motes employment and, public revenues consequently. Using microdata from the European Community Household Panel, British and Spanish means tested programs are compared with German and Austrian ‘in cash’ benefits, and with Danish ‘in kind’ benefits also. The results show that Danish policies are the most efficient and equitable while the British and Spanish ones are the worst.

Social Security in Theory and Practice (II): Efficiency Theories, Narrative Theories, and Implications for Reform

166 countries have some kind of public old age pension. What economic forces create and sustain old age Social Security as a public program? Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin (1999b) document several of the internationally and historically common features of social security programs, and explore "political" theories of Social Security. This paper discusses the "efficiency theories", which view creation of the SS program as a full of partial solution to some market failure. Efficiency explanations of social security include the "SS as welfare for the elderly" the "retirement increases productivity to optimally manage human capital externalities", "optimal retirement insurance", the "prodigal father problem", the "misguided Keynesian", the "optimal longevity insurance", the "government economizing transaction costs", and the "return on human capital investment". We also analyze four "narrative" theories of social security: the "chain letter theory", the "lump of labor theory", the "monopoly capitalism theory", and the "Sub-but-Nearly-Optimal policy response to private pensions theory". The political and efficiency explanations are compared with the international and historical facts and used to derive implications for replacing the typical pay-as-you-go system with a forced savings plan. Most of the explanations suggest that forced savings does not increase welfare, and may decrease it.

Social spending and demographics: The role of public policies in the intergenerational redistribution of income. Empirical evidence from Spain and Catalonia

The demographic shift underway in Southern Europe requires a revision of some of the fundamental principles of the traditional welfare state. We analyze the evolution of several aspects of welfare and social expenditure over the last two decades. We find that in the context of the present demographic changes and real estate boom current social and pension policy leads to a new distribution of benefits and burdens which is highly intergenerationally unequal. We argue for a revised definition of public policy based on Musgrave's proposition as a possible rule for an intergenerationally fair distribution.

Social security in theory and practice (II): Efficiency theories, narrative theories and implications for reform

166 countries have some kind of public old age pension. What economic forcescreate and sustain old age Social Security as a public program? Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin (1999b) document several of the internationally and historically common features of social security programs, and explore "political" theories of Social Security. This paper discusses the "efficiency theories", which view creation of the SS program as a full of partial solution to some market failure. Efficiency explanations of social security include the "SS as welfare for the elderly" the "retirement increases productivity to optimally manage human capital externalities", "optimal retirement insurance", the "prodigal father problem", the "misguided Keynesian", the "optimal longevity insurance", the "governmenteconomizing transaction costs", and the "return on human capital investment". We also analyze four "narrative" theories of social security: the "chain letter theory", the "lump of labor theory", the "monopoly capitalism theory", and the "Sub-but-Nearly-Optimal policy response to private pensions theory".The political and efficiency explanations are compared with the international and historical facts and used to derive implications for replacing the typical pay-as-you-go system with a forced savings plan. Most of the explanations suggest that forced savings does not increase welfare, and may decrease it.

What social security: Beveridgean or Bismarckian?

Why are Bismarckian social security systems associated with largerpublic pension expenditures, a smaller fraction of private pension andlower income in-equality than Beveridgean systems? These facts arepuzzling for political economy theories of social security whichpredict that Beveridgean systems, involving intra-generationalredistribution, should enjoy larger support among low-income people andthus be larger. This paper explains these features in a bidimensionalpolitical economy model. In an economy with three income groups,low-income support a large, redistributive system; middle-income favoran earning-related system, while high-income oppose any public system,since they have access to a superior saving technology, a privatesystem. We show that, if income inequality is large, the voting majorityof high-income and low-income supports a (small) Beveridgean system,and a large private pillar arises; the opposite occurs with lowinequality. Additionally, when the capital market provides higherreturns, a Beveridgean system is more likely to emerge.