Proyecto de Estudio descriptivo basado en una encuesta de salud a una población de gestantes de la ciudad de Barcelona

El asesoramiento y control de salud de una gestación permite proporcionar un programa de cribado para clasificar el embarazo en función del riesgo. Esta clasificación se realiza mediante la identificación de “factores de riesgo” que se pueden obtener durante todo el embarazo, ya que una complicación puede aparecer incluso al final del embarazo, y convertirlo en embarazo de alto riesgo. La identificación del riesgo permite incorporar diferentes estrategias de prevención y/o tratamiento a lo largo del embarazo, incluso en el postparto inmediato y periodo neonatal precoz (primeros 28 días de vida), para evitar complicaciones maternas/fetales o minimizarlas. Es por ello, que el mejor momento para evaluar la salud de la embarazada es cuando el embarazo haya concluido, ya que si dicha evaluación ocurre antes de finalizar el embarazo, la información estará incompleta y sesgada (el bebé no ha nacido aún y no se conocen los resultados del parto, momento en el que también pueden aparacer complicaciones y cambiar el curso nomal del embarazo). El objetivo principal del estudio será identificar las complicaciones más frecuentes del embarazo, parto y postparto de una población de embarazadas de Barcelona; los objetivos secundarios incluirán la identificación de los factores de riesgo asociados a dichas complicaciones (factores demográficos pregestacionales o factores gestacionales/puerperales) y plantear medidas de prevención de estas complicaciones mediante la modificación de estos factores de riesgo, siempre que esto sea posible. El método de trabajo será el análisis del contenido del cuestionario “Maternity Experiences Survey, 2006 Questionnaire” en una muestra de gestantes de la ciudad de Barcelona. Las conclusiones esperadas contemplan conocer la incidencia de complicaciones en esta población, así como la influencia del control prenatal en dichas complicaciones; aportando un análisis exhaustivo sobre los posibles factores de riesgo y las posibles estrategias de mejora de estos resultados.

Depression-like behavior is dependent on age in male SAMP8 mice

Aging is associated with an increased risk of depression in humans. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of depression and its dependence on aging, here we study signs of depression in male SAMP8 mice. For this purpose, we used the forced swimming test (FST). The total floating time in the FST was greater in SAMP8 than in SAMR1 mice at 9 months of age; however, this difference was not observed in 12-month-old mice, when both strains are considered elderly. Of the two strains, only the SAMP8 animals responded to imipramine treatment. We also applied the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and studied changes in the dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) uptake systems, the 5-HT2a/2c receptor density in the cortex, and levels of TPH2. The DST showed a significant difference between SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice at old age. SAMP8 exhibits an increase in 5-HT transporter density, with slight changes in 5-HT2a/2c receptor density. In conclusion, SAMP8 mice presented depression-like behavior that is dependent on senescence process, because it differs from SAMR1, senescence resistant strain.

Depression-like behavior is dependent on age in male SAMP8 mice

Aging is associated with an increased risk of depression in humans. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of depression and its dependence on aging, here we study signs of depression in male SAMP8 mice. For this purpose, we used the forced swimming test (FST). The total floating time in the FST was greater in SAMP8 than in SAMR1 mice at 9 months of age; however, this difference was not observed in 12-month-old mice, when both strains are considered elderly. Of the two strains, only the SAMP8 animals responded to imipramine treatment. We also applied the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and studied changes in the dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) uptake systems, the 5-HT2a/2c receptor density in the cortex, and levels of TPH2. The DST showed a significant difference between SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice at old age. SAMP8 exhibits an increase in 5-HT transporter density, with slight changes in 5-HT2a/2c receptor density. In conclusion, SAMP8 mice presented depression-like behavior that is dependent on senescence process, because it differs from SAMR1, senescence resistant strain.

Depression-like behavior is dependent on age in male SAMP8 mice

Aging is associated with an increased risk of depression in humans. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of depression and its dependence on aging, here we study signs of depression in male SAMP8 mice. For this purpose, we used the forced swimming test (FST). The total floating time in the FST was greater in SAMP8 than in SAMR1 mice at 9 months of age; however, this difference was not observed in 12-month-old mice, when both strains are considered elderly. Of the two strains, only the SAMP8 animals responded to imipramine treatment. We also applied the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and studied changes in the dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) uptake systems, the 5-HT2a/2c receptor density in the cortex, and levels of TPH2. The DST showed a significant difference between SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice at old age. SAMP8 exhibits an increase in 5-HT transporter density, with slight changes in 5-HT2a/2c receptor density. In conclusion, SAMP8 mice presented depression-like behavior that is dependent on senescence process, because it differs from SAMR1, senescence resistant strain.

Fetal testosterone (2D:4D) as predictor of cognitive reflection

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is a test introduced by S. Frederick (2005) Cognitive reflection and decision making, J Econ Perspect 19(4): 25-42. The task is designed to measure the tendency to override an intuitive response that is incorrect and to engage in further reflection that leads to the correct response. The consistent sex differences in CRT performance may suggest a role for gonadal hormones, particularly testosterone. A now widely studied putative marker for fetal testosterone is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D). This paper tests to what extent 2D:4D, as a proxy for prenatal exposure to testosterone, can predict CRT scores in a sample of 623 students. After controlling for sex, we observe that a lower 2D:4D (reflecting a higher exposure to testosterone) is significantly associated with a higher number of correct answers. The result holds for both hands? 2D:4Ds. In addition, the effect appears to be sharper for females than for males. We also control for patience and math proficiency, which are significantly related to performance in the CRT. But the effect of 2D:4D on performance in CRT is not reduced with these controls, implying that these variables are not mediating the relationship between digit ratio and CRT.

Effect of maternal clinical chorioamnionitis on neonatal morbidity in very-low birthweight infants: a case control study

Aims: To assess the relationship between maternal clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal outcome in preterm very-low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Methods: An observational case-control study was conducted in the Neonatology Services of 12 acute-care teaching hospitals in Spain. Between January 2004 and December 2006, all consecutive VLBW (F1500 g) infants born to a mother with clinical chorioamnionitis were enrolled. Controls were infants without chorioamnionitis matched by gestational age who were born immediately after each index case. Results: There were 165 cases and 163 controls. A significantly higher percentage of cases than controls required intubation (53% vs. 35.8%), had normal intrauterine growth (98.1% vs. 84.7%), were born in a tertiary center (inborn) (95.1% vs. 89.1%), from single gestations (76.4% vs. 65.6%) and vaginal delivery (47.3% vs. 33.3%), showed a lowerApgar score at 5 min, and presented a higher rate of earlyonset sepsis (10.4% vs. 1.2%). Older maternal age (32.5 vs. 30.8 years), premature labor (67.3% vs. 25.8%), premature rupture of membranes (61.3% vs. 25.8%), and antibiotic treatment (88.5% vs. 52.3%) were significantly more frequent among cases than controls. Conclusions: After controlling by gestational age, maternal chorioamnionitis was associated with neonatal depression and early sepsis but not with other prematurity-related complications.

Depression-like behavior is dependent on age in male SAMP8 mice

Aging is associated with an increased risk of depression in humans. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of depression and its dependence on aging, here we study signs of depression in male SAMP8 mice. For this purpose, we used the forced swimming test (FST). The total floating time in the FST was greater in SAMP8 than in SAMR1 mice at 9 months of age; however, this difference was not observed in 12-month-old mice, when both strains are considered elderly. Of the two strains, only the SAMP8 animals responded to imipramine treatment. We also applied the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and studied changes in the dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) uptake systems, the 5-HT2a/2c receptor density in the cortex, and levels of TPH2. The DST showed a significant difference between SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice at old age. SAMP8 exhibits an increase in 5-HT transporter density, with slight changes in 5-HT2a/2c receptor density. In conclusion, SAMP8 mice presented depression-like behavior that is dependent on senescence process, because it differs from SAMR1, senescence resistant strain.

Effect of maternal clinical chorioamnionitis on neonatal morbidity in very-low birthweight infants: a case control study

Aims: To assess the relationship between maternal clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal outcome in preterm very-low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Methods: An observational case-control study was conducted in the Neonatology Services of 12 acute-care teaching hospitals in Spain. Between January 2004 and December 2006, all consecutive VLBW (F1500 g) infants born to a mother with clinical chorioamnionitis were enrolled. Controls were infants without chorioamnionitis matched by gestational age who were born immediately after each index case. Results: There were 165 cases and 163 controls. A significantly higher percentage of cases than controls required intubation (53% vs. 35.8%), had normal intrauterine growth (98.1% vs. 84.7%), were born in a tertiary center (inborn) (95.1% vs. 89.1%), from single gestations (76.4% vs. 65.6%) and vaginal delivery (47.3% vs. 33.3%), showed a lowerApgar score at 5 min, and presented a higher rate of earlyonset sepsis (10.4% vs. 1.2%). Older maternal age (32.5 vs. 30.8 years), premature labor (67.3% vs. 25.8%), premature rupture of membranes (61.3% vs. 25.8%), and antibiotic treatment (88.5% vs. 52.3%) were significantly more frequent among cases than controls. Conclusions: After controlling by gestational age, maternal chorioamnionitis was associated with neonatal depression and early sepsis but not with other prematurity-related complications.

Effect of maternal clinical chorioamnionitis on neonatal morbidity in very-low birthweight infants: a case control study

Aims: To assess the relationship between maternal clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal outcome in preterm very-low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Methods: An observational case-control study was conducted in the Neonatology Services of 12 acute-care teaching hospitals in Spain. Between January 2004 and December 2006, all consecutive VLBW (F1500 g) infants born to a mother with clinical chorioamnionitis were enrolled. Controls were infants without chorioamnionitis matched by gestational age who were born immediately after each index case. Results: There were 165 cases and 163 controls. A significantly higher percentage of cases than controls required intubation (53% vs. 35.8%), had normal intrauterine growth (98.1% vs. 84.7%), were born in a tertiary center (inborn) (95.1% vs. 89.1%), from single gestations (76.4% vs. 65.6%) and vaginal delivery (47.3% vs. 33.3%), showed a lowerApgar score at 5 min, and presented a higher rate of earlyonset sepsis (10.4% vs. 1.2%). Older maternal age (32.5 vs. 30.8 years), premature labor (67.3% vs. 25.8%), premature rupture of membranes (61.3% vs. 25.8%), and antibiotic treatment (88.5% vs. 52.3%) were significantly more frequent among cases than controls. Conclusions: After controlling by gestational age, maternal chorioamnionitis was associated with neonatal depression and early sepsis but not with other prematurity-related complications.

Modificaciones en el consumo de tabaco durante la gestación y el posparto

Objetivo: Averiguar el consumo de tabaco y las modificaciones del hábito durante la gestación, y observar las recaídas después del parto. Personas y método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado en el PASSIR «Casagemas», Badalona, desde febrero de 2006 a septiembre de 2007. Se incluyó a 115 gestantes que acudieron a la consulta de control prenatal en el tercer trimestre de gestación, y se excluyeron las que no fumaban al inicio de la gestación. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y las relacionadas con el hábito tabáquico a través de un cuestionario en la gestación y otro en el posparto. Resultados: Dejaron de fumar el 26% (30) de las gestantes, y las que continuaron fumando redujeron el consumo de una media de 19,2 (DE= 6,7) a 7,2 (DE= 6) cigarrillos/día. Se observaron diferencias en el abandono del tabaco en aquellas que fumaban un menor número de cigarrillos (p <0,001), en las que iniciaron el tabaquismo más tarde y en las de mayor edad (p= 0,013). Al año del parto, seguían fumando el 73% (70) de las mujeres, y habían recaído en el hábito el 39,2% (11) de las que lo habían abandonado en la gestación. Las mujeres que no fumaban lactaron a sus hijos un 76,9% (20), mientras que las que fumaban lo hicieron un 57,1% (40). La duración media de la lactancia fue inferior en las mujeres que fumaron en el posparto (2,81 meses [DE= 3,4]) en relación con las que no lo hicieron (4,96 meses [DE= 4,1]; p= 0,01). Conclusiones: La tasa de abandono del tabaco durante el embarazo es aún muy baja, y el índice de recaída del hábito tabáquico en el posparto, elevada.

Modificaciones en el consumo de tabaco durante la gestación y el posparto

Objetivo: Averiguar el consumo de tabaco y las modificaciones del hábito durante la gestación, y observar las recaídas después del parto. Personas y método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado en el PASSIR «Casagemas», Badalona, desde febrero de 2006 a septiembre de 2007. Se incluyó a 115 gestantes que acudieron a la consulta de control prenatal en el tercer trimestre de gestación, y se excluyeron las que no fumaban al inicio de la gestación. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y las relacionadas con el hábito tabáquico a través de un cuestionario en la gestación y otro en el posparto. Resultados: Dejaron de fumar el 26% (30) de las gestantes, y las que continuaron fumando redujeron el consumo de una media de 19,2 (DE= 6,7) a 7,2 (DE= 6) cigarrillos/día. Se observaron diferencias en el abandono del tabaco en aquellas que fumaban un menor número de cigarrillos (p <0,001), en las que iniciaron el tabaquismo más tarde y en las de mayor edad (p= 0,013). Al año del parto, seguían fumando el 73% (70) de las mujeres, y habían recaído en el hábito el 39,2% (11) de las que lo habían abandonado en la gestación. Las mujeres que no fumaban lactaron a sus hijos un 76,9% (20), mientras que las que fumaban lo hicieron un 57,1% (40). La duración media de la lactancia fue inferior en las mujeres que fumaron en el posparto (2,81 meses [DE= 3,4]) en relación con las que no lo hicieron (4,96 meses [DE= 4,1]; p= 0,01). Conclusiones: La tasa de abandono del tabaco durante el embarazo es aún muy baja, y el índice de recaída del hábito tabáquico en el posparto, elevada.

Birth Weight, Working Memory and Epigenetic Signatures in IGF2 and Related Genes: A MZ Twin Study.

Neurodevelopmental disruptions caused by obstetric complications play a role in the etiology of several phenotypes associated with neuropsychiatric diseases and cognitive dysfunctions. Importantly, it has been noticed that epigenetic processes occurring early in life may mediate these associations. Here, DNA methylation signatures at IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) and IGF2BP1-3 (IGF2-binding proteins 1-3) were examined in a sample consisting of 34 adult monozygotic (MZ) twins informative for obstetric complications and cognitive performance. Multivariate linear regression analysis of twin data was implemented to test for associations between methylation levels and both birth weight (BW) and adult working memory (WM) performance. Familial and unique environmental factors underlying these potential relationships were evaluated. A link was detected between DNA methylation levels of two CpG sites in the IGF2BP1 gene and both BW and adult WM performance. The BW-IGF2BP1 methylation association seemed due to non-shared environmental factors influencing BW, whereas the WM-IGF2BP1 methylation relationship seemed mediated by both genes and environment. Our data is in agreement with previous evidence indicating that DNA methylation status may be related to prenatal stress and later neurocognitive phenotypes. While former reports independently detected associations between DNA methylation and either BW or WM, current results suggest that these relationships are not confounded by each other.

Prevención de la infección neonatal precoz por estreptococo del grupo B

El estreptococo del grupo B (EGB) constituye la principal causa de morbimortalidad neonatal y de morbilidad materna durante el embarazo y el posparto. Coloniza el aparato digestivo y el genitourinario en un 10-30% de las gestantes, con una tasa de transmisión vertical del 50%. De entre los recién nacidos colonizados, un 1-2% desarrollará una sepsis grave precoz. Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de conocer las estrategias de prevención de la infección neonatal por EGB. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que las recomendaciones para su prevención consisten en el cribado universal prenatal de colonización por EGB mediante cultivo vaginorrectal a las 35-37 semanas, y la administración de profilaxis antibiótica intraparto a todas las embarazadas portadoras.

Prevención de la infección neonatal precoz por estreptococo del grupo B

El estreptococo del grupo B (EGB) constituye la principal causa de morbimortalidad neonatal y de morbilidad materna durante el embarazo y el posparto. Coloniza el aparato digestivo y el genitourinario en un 10-30% de las gestantes, con una tasa de transmisión vertical del 50%. De entre los recién nacidos colonizados, un 1-2% desarrollará una sepsis grave precoz. Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de conocer las estrategias de prevención de la infección neonatal por EGB. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que las recomendaciones para su prevención consisten en el cribado universal prenatal de colonización por EGB mediante cultivo vaginorrectal a las 35-37 semanas, y la administración de profilaxis antibiótica intraparto a todas las embarazadas portadoras.

Control del bienestar fetal: monitorización biofísica anteparto

En este artículo se presenta una actualización sobre el control del bienestar fetal anteparto, que incluye la monitorización biofísica con el test no estresante y el test estresante y su valoración. Se describen los parámetros de la frecuencia cardiaca fetal - la línea de base, la variabilidad y los ascensos transitorios de la frecuencia cardiaca fetal - en relación con los movimientos fetales, su significado clínico y la actuación que deriva del mismo.