26 resultados para High-pressure processing


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We have studied the effect of pressure on the structural and vibrational properties of lanthanum tritungstate La2(WO4)3. This compound crystallizes under ambient conditions in the modulated scheelite-type structure known as the α phase. We have performed x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements up to a pressure of 20 GPa, as well as ab initio calculations within the framework of the density functional theory. Up to 5 GPa, the three methods provide a similar picture of the evolution under pressure of α-La2(WO4)3. At 5 GPa, we begin to observe some structural changes, and above 6 GPa we find that the x-ray patterns cannot be indexed as a single phase. However, we find that a mixture of two phases with C2/c symmetry accounts for all diffraction peaks. Our ab initio study confirms the existence of several C2/c structures, which are very close in energy in this compression range. According to our measurements, a state with medium-range order appears at pressures above 9 and 11 GPa, from x-ray diffraction and Raman experiments, respectively. Based upon our theoretical calculations we propose several high-pressure candidates with high cationic coordinations at these pressures. The compound evolves into a partially amorphous phase at pressures above 20 GPa.

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Many Gram-negative, cold-adapted bacteria from the Antarctic environment produce large amounts of extracellular matter with potential biotechnological applications. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis after high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution (HPF-FS) showed that this extracellular matter is structurally complex, appearing around cells as a netlike mesh, and composed of an exopolymeric substance (EPS) containing large numbers of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Isolation, purification and protein profiling via 1D SDS-PAGE confirmed the outer membrane origin of these Antarctic bacteria OMVs. In an initial attempt to elucidate the role of OMVs in cold-adapted strains of Gram-negative bacteria, a proteomic analysis demonstrated that they were highly enriched in outer membrane proteins and periplasmic proteins associated with nutrient processing and transport, suggesting that the OMVs may be involved in nutrient sensing and bacterial survival. OMVs from Gram-negative bacteria are known to play a role in lateral DNA transfer, but the presence of DNA in these vesicles has remained difficult to explain. A structural study of Shewanella vesiculosa M7T using TEM and Cryo-TEM revealed that this Antarctic Gram-negative bacterium naturally releases conventional one-bilayer OMVs, together with a more complex type of OMV, previously undescribed, which on formation drags along inner membrane and cytoplasmic content and can therefore also entrap DNA.

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Many Gram-negative, cold-adapted bacteria from the Antarctic environment produce large amounts of extracellular matter with potential biotechnological applications. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis after high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution (HPF-FS) showed that this extracellular matter is structurally complex, appearing around cells as a netlike mesh, and composed of an exopolymeric substance (EPS) containing large numbers of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Isolation, purification and protein profiling via 1D SDS-PAGE confirmed the outer membrane origin of these Antarctic bacteria OMVs. In an initial attempt to elucidate the role of OMVs in cold-adapted strains of Gram-negative bacteria, a proteomic analysis demonstrated that they were highly enriched in outer membrane proteins and periplasmic proteins associated with nutrient processing and transport, suggesting that the OMVs may be involved in nutrient sensing and bacterial survival. OMVs from Gram-negative bacteria are known to play a role in lateral DNA transfer, but the presence of DNA in these vesicles has remained difficult to explain. A structural study of Shewanella vesiculosa M7T using TEM and Cryo-TEM revealed that this Antarctic Gram-negative bacterium naturally releases conventional one-bilayer OMVs, together with a more complex type of OMV, previously undescribed, which on formation drags along inner membrane and cytoplasmic content and can therefore also entrap DNA.

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Treball de recerca realitzat per un alumne d'ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l'any 2009. Aquest treball tracta sobre el temps de garantia o de vida útil d’un producte alimentari i està basat en esbrinar quin és el millor mètode o envàs per conservar el pernil cuit llescat durant la seva vida útil, per tal que es mantinguin les propietats organolèptiques i microbiològiques inicials de l’aliment durant el màxim de temps possible. Per comparar envasos he utilitzat els industrials (envàs al buit i envàs en atmosfera) i els envasos que podem trobar quan comprem un producte llescat en el mostrador d’una botiga o supermercat. Per a fer l’estudi doncs s’ha utilitzat el pernil cuit, conegut com a pernil dolç, un dels productes més consumits per la societat actual. El pernil ha estat tractat en tres situacions diferents: llescat en una màquina de carnisseria i envasat en mètodes de conservació domèstics, llescat en màquines industrials i envasat en diferents envasos (al buit i en atmosfera modificada) utilitzats per les grans empreses i llescat en màquines industrials i envasat al buit sotmès a un tractament amb altes pressions. Després d’aquests processos s’ha realitzat un estudi de vida útil, és a dir, s’ha analitzat el producte al laboratori, amb l’objectiu de trobar quin és el millor envàs per a la conservació del pernil cuit.

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Whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted viruses are some of the major constraints on European tomato production. The main objectives of this study were to: identify where and why whiteflies are a major limitation on tomato crops; collect information about whiteflies and associated viruses; determine the available management tools; and identify key knowledge gaps and research priorities. This study was conducted within the framework of ENDURE (European Network for Durable Exploitation of Crop Protection Strategies). Two whitefly species are the main pests of tomato in Europe: Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Trialeurodes vaporariorum is widespread to all areas where greenhouse industry is present, and B. tabaci has invaded, since the early 1990’s, all the subtropical and tropical areas. Biotypes B and Q of B. tabaci are widespread and especially problematic. Other key tomato pests are Aculops lycopersici, Helicoverpa armigera, Frankliniella occidentalis, and leaf miners. Tomato crops are particularly susceptible to viruses causingTomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD). High incidences of this disease are associated to high pressure of its vector, B. tabaci. The ranked importance of B. tabaci established in this study correlates with the levels of insecticide use, showing B. tabaci as one of the principal drivers behind chemical control. Confirmed cases of resistance to almost all insecticides have been reported. Integrated Pest Management based on biological control (IPM-BC) is applied in all the surveyed regions and identified as the strategy using fewer insecticides. Other IPM components include greenhouse netting and TYLCD-tolerant tomato cultivars. Sampling techniques differ between regions, where decisions are generally based upon whitefly densities and do not relate to control strategies or growing cycles. For population monitoring and control, whitefly species are always identified. In Europe IPM-BC is the recommended strategy for a sustainable tomato production. The IPM-BC approach is mainly based on inoculative releases of the parasitoids Eretmocerus mundus and Encarsia formosa and/or the polyphagous predators Macrolophus caliginosus and Nesidiocoris tenuis. However, some limitations for a wider implementation have been identified: lack of biological solutions for some pests, costs of beneficials, low farmer confidence, costs of technical advice, and low pest injury thresholds. Research priorities to promote and improve IPM-BC are proposed on the following domains: (i) emergence and invasion of new whitefly-transmitted viruses; (ii) relevance of B. tabaci biotypes regarding insecticide resistance; (iii) biochemistry and genetics of plant resistance; (iv) economic thresholds and sampling techniques of whiteflies for decision making; and (v) conservation and management of native whitefly natural enemies and improvement of biological control of other tomato pests.

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En aquest article s'aporten proves de l'impacte positiu que té l'aplicació de les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació (TIC) en l'empresa turística catalana. La transcendència que en els darrers anys ha adquirit el mercat turístic català en el context europeu el converteix en un laboratori d'anàlisi idoni per al sector. Els resultats obtinguts posen de manifest que l'ús d'aquestes tecnologies s'acompanya d'un major grau d'internacionalització de l'empresa, el desenvolupament de canvis organitzatius i la implantació de noves estratègies competitives, cosa que dóna lloc a un model de negoci allunyat de les concepcions tradicionals del sector. A més, l'ús estratègic de les TIC afavoreix l'ús de mà d'obra més qualificada, un servei més personalitzat i una major proximitat a proveïdors i distribuïdors. Tanmateix, és en el procés d'innovació empresarial on l'impacte positiu de les TIC és percep més, atès que el seu ús ha contribuït a superar alguns dels obstacles existents, a interioritzar el procés en el si de l'empresa i a fer més partícips els mateixos treballadors, i això ha donat com a resultat una àmplia diversitat d'innovacions de tota mena (de producte, de procés i organitzatives). La participació en xarxes de cooperació, el fet de tenir treballadors amb un nivell educatiu elevat i l'aplicació intensiva de les TIC han estat elements indispensables en aquest procés innovador. Finalment, gràcies a l'ús de les TIC i el seu impacte en la innovació, però també al canvi organitzatiu dins l'empresa, s'han millorat els registres de productivitat, amb la qual cosa s'afavoreix una major competitivitat en un context canviant i de forta pressió de l'entorn.

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We present a study about the influence of substrate temperature on deposition rate of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films prepared by rf glow discharge decomposition of pure silane gas in a capacitively coupled plasma reactor. Two different behaviors are observed depending on deposition pressure conditions. At high pressure (30 Pa) the influence of substrate temperature on deposition rate is mainly through a modification of gas density, in such a way that the substrate temperature of deposition rate is similar to pressure dependence at constant temperature. On the contrary, at low pressure (3 Pa), a gas density effect cannot account for the observed increase of deposition rate as substrate temperature rises above 450 K with an activation energy of 1.1 kcal/mole. In accordance with laser‐induced fluorescence measurements reported in the literature, this rise has been ascribed to an increase of secondary electron emission from the growing film surface as a result of molecular hydrogen desorption.

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Experimental and theoretical investigations for growth of silicon nanoparticles (4 to 14 nm) in radio frequency discharge were carried out. Growth processes were performed with gas mixtures of SiH4 and Ar in a plasma chemical reactor at low pressure. A distinctive feature of presented kinetic model of generation and growth of nanoparticles (compared to our earlier model) is its ability to investigate small"critical" dimensions of clusters, determining the rate of particle production and taking into account the influence of SiH2 and Si2Hm dimer radicals. The experiments in the present study were extended to high pressure (≥20 Pa) and discharge power (≥40 W). Model calculations were compared to experimental measurements, investigating the dimension of silicon nanoparticles as a function of time, discharge power, gas mixture, total pressure, and gas flow.

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En aquest article s'aporten proves de l'impacte positiu que té l'aplicació de les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació (TIC) en l'empresa turística catalana. La transcendència que en els darrers anys ha adquirit el mercat turístic català en el context europeu el converteix en un laboratori d'anàlisi idoni per al sector. Els resultats obtinguts posen de manifest que l'ús d'aquestes tecnologies s'acompanya d'un major grau d'internacionalització de l'empresa, el desenvolupament de canvis organitzatius i la implantació de noves estratègies competitives, cosa que dóna lloc a un model de negoci allunyat de les concepcions tradicionals del sector. A més, l'ús estratègic de les TIC afavoreix l'ús de mà d'obra més qualificada, un servei més personalitzat i una major proximitat a proveïdors i distribuïdors. Tanmateix, és en el procés d'innovació empresarial on l'impacte positiu de les TIC és percep més, atès que el seu ús ha contribuït a superar alguns dels obstacles existents, a interioritzar el procés en el si de l'empresa i a fer més partícips els mateixos treballadors, i això ha donat com a resultat una àmplia diversitat d'innovacions de tota mena (de producte, de procés i organitzatives). La participació en xarxes de cooperació, el fet de tenir treballadors amb un nivell educatiu elevat i l'aplicació intensiva de les TIC han estat elements indispensables en aquest procés innovador. Finalment, gràcies a l'ús de les TIC i el seu impacte en la innovació, però també al canvi organitzatiu dins l'empresa, s'han millorat els registres de productivitat, amb la qual cosa s'afavoreix una major competitivitat en un context canviant i de forta pressió de l'entorn.

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Contexto Una central nuclear, al igual que cualquier otro tipo de central generadora de energía eléctrica, mediante turbinas de vapor, está basada en un proceso termodinámico. El rendimiento de las mismas es función del salto entálpico del vapor, para mejorarlo las centrales están constituidas por un ciclo compound formado por turbina de alta presión y turbinas de baja presión, y un ciclo regenerativo consistente en calentar el agua de alimentación antes de su introducción a los generadores de vapor. Un ciclo regenerativo está basado en etapas de calentadores o cambiadores de calor para aprovechar al máximo la energía térmica del vapor, este proyecto está basado en la mejora y optimización del proceso de control de estos para contribuir a mejorar el rendimiento de la central. Objetivo Implementar un sistema de control que nos permita modernizar los clásicos sistemas basados en controles locales y comunicaciones analógicas. Mejorar el rendimiento del ciclo regenerativo de la central, aprovechando las mejoras tecnológicas que ofrece el mercado, tanto en el hardware como en el software de los sistemas de instrumentación y control. Optimizar el rendimiento de los lazos de control de cada uno de los elementos del ciclo regenerativo mediante estrategias de control. Procedimiento Desarrollo de un sistema de control actualizado considerando, como premisa principal, la fiabilidad del sistema, el análisis de fallos y la jerarquización del riesgo. Análisis y cálculo de los lazos de control considerando las premisas establecidas. Configuración de los lazos mediante estrategias de control que nos permitan optimizar y minimizar los efectos del fallo. Para ello se han utilizado parámetros y datos extraídos de la Central Nuclear de Ascó. Conclusiones Se ha modernizado y optimizado el sistema de control mejorando el rendimiento del ciclo regenerativo. Se ha conseguido un sistema más fiable, reduciendo el riesgo del fallo y disminuyendo los efectos de los mismos. El coste de un proyecto de estas características es inferior al de un sistema convencional y ofrece más posibilidades. Es un sistema abierto que permite utilizar e interconectar equipos de diferentes fabricantes, lo que favorece tanto el mantenimiento como las posibles ampliaciones futuras del sistema.

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Identification of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes has traditionally relied upon testing of overlapping peptide libraries for their reactivity with T cells in vitro. Here, we pursued deep ligand sequencing (DLS) as an alternative method of directly identifying those ligands that are epitopes presented to CTLs by the class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) of infected cells. Soluble class I HLA-A*11:01 (sHLA) was gathered from HIV-1 NL4-3-infected human CD4+ SUP-T1 cells. HLA-A*11:01 harvested from infected cells was immunoaffinity purified and acid boiled to release heavy and light chains from peptide ligands that were then recovered by size-exclusion filtration. The ligands were first fractionated by high-pH high-pressure liquid chromatography and then subjected to separation by nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC)–mass spectrometry (MS) at low pH. Approximately 10 million ions were selected for sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). HLA-A*11:01 ligand sequences were determined with PEAKS software and confirmed by comparison to spectra generated from synthetic peptides. DLS identified 42 viral ligands presented by HLA-A*11:01, and 37 of these were previously undetected. These data demonstrate that (i) HIV-1 Gag and Nef are extensively sampled, (ii) ligand length variants are prevalent, particularly within Gag and Nef hot spots where ligand sequences overlap, (iii) noncanonical ligands are T cell reactive, and (iv) HIV-1 ligands are derived from de novo synthesis rather than endocytic sampling. Next-generation immunotherapies must factor these nascent HIV-1 ligand length variants and the finding that CTL-reactive epitopes may be absent during infection of CD4+ T cells into strategies designed to enhance T cell immunity.