Cultured 3T3L1 adipocytes dispose of excess medium glucose as lactate under abundant oxygen availability

White adipose tissue (WAT) produces lactate in significant amount from circulating glucose, especially in obesity;Under normoxia, 3T3L1 cells secrete large quantities of lactate to the medium, again at the expense of glucose and proportionally to its levels. Most of the glucose was converted to lactate with only part of it being used to synthesize fat. Cultured adipocytes were largely anaerobic, but this was not a Warburg-like process. It is speculated that the massive production of lactate, is a process of defense of the adipocyte, used to dispose of excess glucose. This way, the adipocyte exports glucose carbon (and reduces the problem of excess substrate availability) to the liver, but the process may be also a mechanism of short-term control of hyperglycemia. The in vivo data obtained from adipose tissue of male rats agree with this interpretation.

Determination of salivary glucose in healthy adults

Objectives: Our aim in this study was to determine the concentration of salivary glucose in healthy individuals and to compare it with the capillary glycemia. Study design: Samples of unstimulated whole saliva were collected from 63 non-diabetic patients. The concentration of salivary glucose and capillary blood was measured in all of the patients. The salivary glucose was determined by enzymatic method and spectrophotometry. The data was then analyzed using the Spearman correlation test, considering values of p<0.05 to be significant. Results: The whole sample consisted of 47.6% males and 52.4% women, with an average age of 37.5±15.7 years old. The average rates of unstimulated salivary flow were 0.41±0.21 ml/min among males and 0.31±0.15 ml/min among females. No significant difference was found based on these results (p=0.078). The average blood glucose among the males studied was 100.05±13.51 mg/dL, and among females, it was 99.5±13.9 mg/dL. The average salivary glucose for the whole sample was 5.97±1.87 mg/dL, with 5.91±2.19 mg/dL among males and 5.97±1.56 mg/dL among females, respectively, without presenting any significant differences (p=0.908). The concentration of salivary glucose did not present any statistically significant correlation with the capillary glycemia (p=0.732). Conclusions: The results suggest that the concentration of salivary glucose is not dependent on capillary glycemia and that the concentration of salivary glucose does not present significant differences between the measurements for males and females.

Verifique sus conocimientos sobre medicina nuclear (2): tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) y PET con tomografía computerizada (PET-TC)

La presente entrega de la serie de Nursing sobre las pruebas complementarias está dedicada a la tomografía por emisión de positrones o PET, acrónimo de positron emission tomography. La PET es una técnica de diagnóstico por la imagen de medicina nuclear en la cual se administra al paciente un radiofármaco emisor de positrones. Este radiofármaco se incorpora a los tejidos adecuados siguiendo una vía metabólica determinada. La radiactividad emitida por esos tejidos del paciente es detectable por los equipos PET y se obtienen imágenes que proporcionan una información funcional in vivo. El radiofármaco PET más habitual es un análogo de la glucosa que se llama F-18-fluordesoxiglucosa, conocido como FDG, el cual permite estudiar la actividad metabólica. La incorporación de la tomografía computarizada (TC) en el mismo equipo híbrido PET-TC permite obtener además la información anatómica del paciente. En el presente artículo se describen los fundamentos físicos y fisiológicos básicos de las exploraciones PET-TC con FDG en oncología, así como los procedimientos de enfermería necesarios para el cuidado del paciente y la correcta obtención de las imágenes.

Verifique sus conocimientos sobre medicina nuclear (2): tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) y PET con tomografía computerizada (PET-TC)

La presente entrega de la serie de Nursing sobre las pruebas complementarias está dedicada a la tomografía por emisión de positrones o PET, acrónimo de positron emission tomography. La PET es una técnica de diagnóstico por la imagen de medicina nuclear en la cual se administra al paciente un radiofármaco emisor de positrones. Este radiofármaco se incorpora a los tejidos adecuados siguiendo una vía metabólica determinada. La radiactividad emitida por esos tejidos del paciente es detectable por los equipos PET y se obtienen imágenes que proporcionan una información funcional in vivo. El radiofármaco PET más habitual es un análogo de la glucosa que se llama F-18-fluordesoxiglucosa, conocido como FDG, el cual permite estudiar la actividad metabólica. La incorporación de la tomografía computarizada (TC) en el mismo equipo híbrido PET-TC permite obtener además la información anatómica del paciente. En el presente artículo se describen los fundamentos físicos y fisiológicos básicos de las exploraciones PET-TC con FDG en oncología, así como los procedimientos de enfermería necesarios para el cuidado del paciente y la correcta obtención de las imágenes.

Aeromonas surface glucan attached throught the O-antigen ligase represents a new way to obtain UDP-Glucose

We previously reported that A. hydrophila GalU mutants were still able to produce UDP-glucose introduced as a glucose residue in their lipopolysaccharide core. In this study, we found the unique origin of this UDP-glucose from a branched α-glucan surface polysaccharide. This glucan, surface attached through the O-antigen ligase (WaaL), is common to the mesophilic Aeromonas strains tested. The Aeromonas glucan is produced by the action of the glycogen synthase (GlgA) and the UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (GlgC), the latter wrongly indicated as an ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase in the Aeromonas genomes available. The Aeromonas glycogen synthase is able to react with UDP or ADP-glucose, which is not the case of E. coli glycogen synthase only reacting with ADP-glucose. The Aeromonas surface glucan has a role enhancing biofilm formation. Finally, for the first time to our knowledge, a clear preference on behalf of bacterial survival and pathogenesis is observed when choosing to produce one or other surface saccharide molecules to produce (lipopolysaccharide core or glucan).

GLUT2-mediated glucose uptake and availability are required for embryonic brain development in zebrafish

Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2; gene name SLC2A2) has a key role in the regulation of glucose dynamics in organs central to metabolism. Although GLUT2 has been studied in the context of its participation in peripheral and central glucose sensing, its role in the brain is not well understood. To decipher the role of GLUT2 in brain development, we knocked down slc2a2 (glut2), the functional ortholog of human GLUT2, in zebrafish. Abrogation of glut2 led to defective brain organogenesis, reduced glucose uptake and increased programmed cell death in the brain. Coinciding with the observed localization of glut2 expression in the zebrafish hindbrain, glut2 deficiency affected the development of neural progenitor cells expressing the proneural genes atoh1b and ptf1a but not those expressing neurod. Specificity of the morphant phenotype was demonstrated by the restoration of brain organogenesis, whole-embryo glucose uptake, brain apoptosis, and expression of proneural markers in rescue experiments. These results indicate that glut2 has an essential role during brain development by facilitating the uptake and availability of glucose and support the involvement of glut2 in brain glucose sensing.