Deficit, human capital and economic growth dynamics

Long-run economic growth arouses a great interest since it can shed light on the income-path of an economy and try to explain the large differences in income we observe across countries and over time. The neoclassical model has been followed by several endogenous growth models which, contrarily to the former, seem to predict that economies with similar preferences and technological level, do not necessarily tend to converge to similar per capita income levels. This paper attempts to show a possible mechanismthrough which macroeconomic disequilibria and inefficiencies, represented by budget deficits, may hinder human capital accumulation and therefore economic growth. Using a mixed education system, deficit is characterized as a bug agent which may end up sharply reducing the resources devoted to education and training. The paper goes a step further from the literature on deficit by introducing a rich dynamic analysis of the effects of a deficit reduction on different economic aspects.Following a simple growth model and allowing for slight changes in the law of human capital accumulation, we reach a point where deficit might sharply reduce human capital accumulation. On the other hand, a deficit reduction carried on for a long time, taking that reduction as a more efficient management of the economy, may prove useful in inducing endogenous growth. Empirical evidence for a sample of countries seems to support the theoretical assumptions in the model: (1) evidence on an inverse relationship betweendeficit and human capital accumulation, (2) presence of a strongly negative associationbetween the quantity of deficit in the economy and the rate of growth. They may prove a certain role for budget deficit in economic growth

Flank stability and processes off the western Canary Islands: a review from El Hierro and La Palma

The morphological characterisation of the western submarine island flanks of El Hierro and La Palma differentiates four type-zones that may give new insights into the evolution of oceanic island slopes. The different type-zones result from the interplay between constructive volcanic processes, hemipelagic settling and volcano collapses. The latter results in massive debris avalanche deposits, which form large volcaniclastic aprons. In most cases, the headwall scarps are clearly exposed on the emerged part of the islands. The events that occurred in the youngest and westernmost islands of El Hierro and La Palma have vertical runouts exceeding 6,000 m and volumes that can reach several hundred km3. The landslide frequency for the entire Canaries is one major event per 90 ka. Triggering mechanisms are closely related to magmatic processes. The increase in the shear stress is directly linked with the forceful intrusion of magma along ridge-rift systems, while in the western Canary Islands it seems that the main process reducing shear resistance may be related to the rise in pore pressure due to hydrothermal circulation.

A fully-automatic caudate nucleus segmentation of brain MRI: application in volumetric analysis of pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Background Accurate automatic segmentation of the caudate nucleus in magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the brain is of great interest in the analysis of developmental disorders. Segmentation methods based on a single atlas or on multiple atlases have been shown to suitably localize caudate structure. However, the atlas prior information may not represent the structure of interest correctly. It may therefore be useful to introduce a more flexible technique for accurate segmentations. Method We present Cau-dateCut: a new fully-automatic method of segmenting the caudate nucleus in MRI. CaudateCut combines an atlas-based segmentation strategy with the Graph Cut energy-minimization framework. We adapt the Graph Cut model to make it suitable for segmenting small, low-contrast structures, such as the caudate nucleus, by defining new energy function data and boundary potentials. In particular, we exploit information concerning the intensity and geometry, and we add supervised energies based on contextual brain structures. Furthermore, we reinforce boundary detection using a new multi-scale edgeness measure. Results We apply the novel CaudateCut method to the segmentation of the caudate nucleus to a new set of 39 pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and 40 control children, as well as to a public database of 18 subjects. We evaluate the quality of the segmentation using several volumetric and voxel by voxel measures. Our results show improved performance in terms of segmentation compared to state-of-the-art approaches, obtaining a mean overlap of 80.75%. Moreover, we present a quantitative volumetric analysis of caudate abnormalities in pediatric ADHD, the results of which show strong correlation with expert manual analysis. Conclusion CaudateCut generates segmentation results that are comparable to gold-standard segmentations and which are reliable in the analysis of differentiating neuroanatomical abnormalities between healthy controls and pediatric ADHD.

Quesada Sanz, Fernando y Zamora Merchán, Mar (eds.), El caballo en la antigua Iberia (estudios sobre los équidos en la Edad del Hierro), Bibliotheca Archaeologica Hispana, 19, Madrid, 2003, 253 pp.

La colaboración editorial entre la Real Academia de la Historia y la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid ha hecho posible el libro que nos ocupa, inscrito en la espléndida serie de temas peninsulares BAH. colección que alcanza ya los 19 títulos en sus primeros cuatro años de existencia. El caballo en la antigua Iberia aborda un tema necesitado de una revisión en nuestro actual panorama historiográfico; tal objetivo se cumple mediante una serie de capítulos independientes, fruto del trabajo de diversos estudiosos y especialistas que, desde metodologías y ciencias muy diferentes entre sí, tienen en común un mismo objeto de estudio.

El armamento de hierro de Capsech (Olot, Gerona)

En el Museo Municipal de O1ot se hallan agrupadas en una misma vitrina armas de hierro de diversas épocas y procedencias.! El lote principal lo forman los materiales de la necrópolis de incineración de Capsech, situada en el Pla de Gibrella, Vall de Vianya, a unos 24 Km. al norte de la ciudad de Olot. Este yacimiento fue hallado en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y no se han realizado, desde entonces, excavaciones en este lugar.

Cerámicas de época celtibérica en la Edad del Hierro asturiana

Este artículo pretende simplemente reinterpretar ciertas cerámicas procedentes de yacimientos asturianos, las cuales han sido publicadas previamente y cuya orientación cronológica o cultural, según los casos, permite ofrecer en el momento actual nuevas precisiones o interpretaciones.

"El Barranc de Gàfols" (Ginestar, Tarragona) y "Aldovesta" (Benifallet, Tarragona): estudio arqueozoológico como base de teorización sobre la dieta humana a principios de la Edad del Hierro y la complejidad económica en el curso bajo del Ebro.

En relación a trabajos recientes sobre los patrones de poblamiento protohistórico en el curso bajo del Ebro y la causalidad económica (Asensio el alii, 1996/ Mascort el alii, 1991), decidimos plantear un estudio que nutriera dichas hipótesis mediante el análisis arqueozoológico de dos yacimientos culturalmente contemporáneos y de cronologías sucesivas, ubicados a orillas de este río.

Portulaca granulato-stellulata new for El Hierro Islands( Canary Islands).

Portulaca granulato-stellulata (Poellnitz) C. Ricceri & P. V. Arrigoni is a subcosmopolitan plant of uncertain origin (DANIN et al., 1978; DANIN, 2000). It has been recently reported from Tenerife Island (DANIN & REYES-BETANCORT, 2006), the first reference for the Canary Islands, since prior to this, the taxon had not been detected from any of the Macaronesian islands. Its presence was undetected due to its inclusion within the complex Portulaca oleracea sensu lato (HANSEN & SUNDING, 1993: 170; STIERSTORFER & GAISBERG, 2006).

Influencia del contenido de oxigeno sobre la ductilidad del hierro de granos ultra finos obtenido por compactación en caliente

Sabiendo que las propiedades mecánicas de un metal están gobernadas por sumicroestructura y más precisamente por su tamaño de grano, la industria busca desarrollarmateriales con un tamaño de grano nanométrico que tengan comportamientos mecánicosinteresantes: alto limite elástico y ductilidad aceptable.Este proyecto trata de la influencia del oxigeno sobre un material nanoestructurado obtenidopor compactación en caliente de polvo molido de hierro. Con este objetivo, se ha realizadodos polvo de hierro conteniendo cada uno una concentración en oxigeno diferente (0.238 y0.634% másico). Se los han compactado a diferentes temperaturas (575, 600, 625y 650°C).Se ha realizado diferentes pruebas sobre los consolidados: medición de la densidad,dureza, determinación del tamaño de grano, resistencia mecánica y ductilidad medianteensayo de tracción.Las piezas consolidadas con un porcentaje bajo de carbono muestran una buena resistenciacon porcentajes de alargamiento bajos pero suficientes. Para las piezas con altoscontenidos de oxígeno, se ha demostrado que el oxigeno fragiliza el material formandoóxidos que ralentizan el crecimiento de grano a alta temperatura y que dificultan suconsolidación. De esta manera, estas piezas tienen una resistencia teórica mucho mayorpero rompen por rotura frágil.

Influencia del contenido de oxigeno sobre la ductilidad del hierro de granos ultra finos obtenido por compactación en caliente

Sabiendo que las propiedades mecánicas de un metal están gobernadas por sumicroestructura y más precisamente por su tamaño de grano, la industria busca desarrollarmateriales con un tamaño de grano nanométrico que tengan comportamientos mecánicosinteresantes: alto limite elástico y ductilidad aceptable.Este proyecto trata de la influencia del oxigeno sobre un material nanoestructurado obtenidopor compactación en caliente de polvo molido de hierro. Con este objetivo, se ha realizadodos polvo de hierro conteniendo cada uno una concentración en oxigeno diferente (0.238 y0.634% másico). Se los han compactado a diferentes temperaturas (575, 600, 625y 650°C).Se ha realizado diferentes pruebas sobre los consolidados: medición de la densidad,dureza, determinación del tamaño de grano, resistencia mecánica y ductilidad medianteensayo de tracción.Las piezas consolidadas con un porcentaje bajo de carbono muestran una buena resistenciacon porcentajes de alargamiento bajos pero suficientes. Para las piezas con altoscontenidos de oxígeno, se ha demostrado que el oxigeno fragiliza el material formandoóxidos que ralentizan el crecimiento de grano a alta temperatura y que dificultan suconsolidación. De esta manera, estas piezas tienen una resistencia teórica mucho mayorpero rompen por rotura frágil.

Mercurialis canariensis new for El Hierro Islands (Canary Islands).

Mercurialis canariensis Obbard & S. A. Harris is an endemic plant recently described from the Canary Islands (OBBARD et al., 2006b: 103). This taxon went undetected until recently, having been included within the variability of the Mercurialis annua sensu lato complex (HANSEN & SUNDING, 1993:170; STIERSTORFER & GAISBERG, 2006).

Necrópolis de incineración y prácticas funerarias en el noreste de la Penínnsula Ibérica durante el Bronce Final y la Primera Edad del Hierro

[spa]En este artículo presentamos un estado de la cuestión sobre las necrópolis de incineración del Bronce Final y Primera Edad del Hierro en el noreste peninsular. Para ello, analizamos el ritual funerario, la organización interna de las necrópolis y muy especialmente su arquitectura funeraria para, en base a ella, caracterizar el proceso de regionalización que se observa en el territorio.

Sociedad y economia durante el Bronce final y la Primera edad del Hierro en el noreste peninsular: una aproximacion a partir de las evidencias arqueologicas.

A finales de la Edad del Bronce comienzan a producirse importantes transformaciones en el seno de las comunidades del noreste peninsular que tendrán continuidad durante los siglos VII y VI ANE y que se caracterizarán por la paulatina formación de una clase aristocrática de carácter guerrero. Sin embargo, esta élite no se consolidará definitivamente en el poder hasta el ibérico antiguo, constituyéndose así la estructura social sobre la que se desarrollarán los estados arcaicos durante el ibérico pleno.

Multicointegration, polynomial cointegration and I(2) cointegration with structural breaks. An application to the sustainability of the US external deficit

In this paper we model the multicointegration relation, allowing for one structural break. Since multicointegration is a particular case of polynomial or I(2) cointegration, our proposal can also be applied in these cases. The paper proposes the use of a residualbased Dickey-Fuller class of statistic that accounts for one known or unknown structural break. Finite sample performance of the proposed statistic is investigated by using Monte Carlo simulations, which reveals that the statistic shows good properties in terms of empirical size and power. We complete the study with an empirical application of the sustainability of the US external deficit. Contrary to existing evidence, the consideration of one structural break leads to conclude in favour of the sustainability of the US external deficit.

Predictors and consequences of adherence to the treatment of pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Central Europe and East Asia.

PURPOSE: To assess baseline predictors and consequences of medication non-adherence in the treatment of pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from Central Europe and East Asia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data for this post-hoc analysis were taken from a 1-year prospective, observational study that included a total of 1,068 newly-diagnosed pediatric patients with ADHD symptoms from Central Europe and East Asia. Medication adherence during the week prior to each visit was assessed by treating physicians using a 5-point Likert scale, and then dichotomized into either adherent or non-adherent. Clinical severity was measured by the Clinical Global Impressions-ADHD-Severity (CGI-ADHD) scale and the Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) Checklist. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) was measured using the Child Health and Illness Profile-Child Edition (CHIP-CE). Regression analyses were used to assess baseline predictors of overall adherence during follow-up, and the impact of time-varying adherence on subsequent outcomes: response (defined as a decrease of at least 1 point in CGI), changes in CGI-ADHD, CSI-4, and the five dimensions of CHIP-CE. RESULTS: Of the 860 patients analyzed, 64.5% (71.6% in Central Europe and 55.5% in East Asia) were rated as adherent and 35.5% as non-adherent during follow-up. Being from East Asia was found to be a strong predictor of non-adherence. In East Asia, a family history of ADHD and parental emotional distress were associated with non-adherence, while having no other children living at home was associated with non-adherence in Central Europe as well as in the overall sample. Non-adherence was associated with poorer response and less improvement on CGI-ADHD and CSI-4, but not on CHIP-CE. CONCLUSION: Non-adherence to medication is common in the treatment of ADHD, particularly in East Asia. Non-adherence was associated with poorer response and less improvement in clinical severity. A limitation of this study is that medication adherence was assessed by the treating clinician using a single item question.