Análisis jurídico del conflicto de la Antigua Yugoslavia

El present Treball de Fi de Carrera analitza y contextualitza el conflicte armat de l’Antiga Iugoslàvia, que va esclatar a partir de 1991 i identifica com va influir el Dret dels Conflictes Armats, en general, al seu desenvolupament. En aquest sentit, centra l’atenció en les iniciatives empreses per la comunitat internacional per calmar el conflicte i, molt especialment, la resposta per part de les Nacions Unides. Tanmateix, després d’haver-se produït greus violacions del Dret Internacional Humanitari i de perpetrar-se crims de genocidi i de lesa humanitat es va crear el Tribunal Penal Internacional per la exIugoslàvia, que constataria la vigència del Dret Internacional i en castigaria els violadors.

Are we wasting our talent? Overqualification and overskilling among PhD graduates

Drawing on a very rich data set from a recent cohort of PhD graduates, we examine the correlates and consequences of qualification and skills mismatch. We show that job characteristics such as the economic sector and the main activity at work play a fundamental direct role in explaining the probability of being well matched. However, the effect of academic attributes seems to be mainly indirect, since it disappears once we control for the full set of work characteristics. We detected a significant earnings penalty for those who are both overqualified and overskilled and also showed that being mismatched reduces job satisfaction, especially for those whose skills are underutilized. Overall, the problem of mismatch among PhD graduates is closely related to demand-side constraints of the labor market. Increasing the supply of adequate jobs and broadening the skills PhD students acquire during training should be explored as possible responses.

La figura del mediador intercultural a les institucions escolars catalanes: perfil real i ideal segons els propis actors

A Catalunya, en els darrers anys, han anat proliferant una sèrie de «professionals» que realitzen, amb més o menys adequació a la definició teòrica, la funció de mediadors inter-culturals. Primerament, es tractava de gitanos, però darrerament, fruit de l’increment de la presència d’infants d’origen immigrant a les escoles catalanes, s’ha vist créixer el nombre i el protagonisme dels estrangers pel reconeixement que se’ls ha donat des de l’Administració i des de les institucions. Els mediadors han intentat intervenir en qüestions com ara la participació dels pares d’origen minoritari, l’adaptació del currículum a la diversitat cultural, la negociació de conflictes culturals, la desescolarització, l’absentisme i l’abandonament escolar dels alumnes durant el període d’escolarització obligatòria, la traducció lingüística i la interpretació sociocultural, etc. Concretament, la nostra recerca ha consistit en vint-i-set entrevistes en profunditat a mediadors interculturals de tot Catalunya.

Validation study of the Spanish Version of the Work-Family Conflict Questionnaire (CCTF)

In this study, a brief Work-Family Conflict (WFC) Questionnaire in the Spanish language is proposed that takes into account the two directions commonly reported in the literature: work interference with family (WIF), and family interference with work (FIW). The results obtained through exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) with two independent samples, carried out for women and men, showed acceptable validity and reliability. A copy of the instrument in Spanish language is provided, together with the Amos 4 syntax to perform the factor invariance analysis for women and men. The suggested Work-Family Conflict Questionnaire (in Spanish, abbreviated as CCTF) may be useful in studies performed in the work setting, considering the special relevance of the concept in this line of research.

La lluita política del poder local en la primera meitat del segle XIX i la formació de la identitat social de la Lledia contemporània

El darrer decenni ha estat molt profitós per la historiografia local lleidatana dedicada a la investigació de la primera meitat del segle XIX. Diversos treballs impulsats sota la protecció del “modern” Estudi General i, darrerament, de l’autònoma Universitat de Lleida han anat emplenant algunes peces del complex trencaclosques històric en què s’ha convertit l’estudi de la substitució del caduc sistema feudal per l’estat liberal. La síntesi històrica a través dels textos apareguts fins ara, que es presenta en aquest congrés, pretén mostrar una aproximació a la configuració d’unes identitats socials a nivell local, que tingueren el seu origen en la lluita per controlar el poder en els primers cinquanta anys del segle XIX. Tot i que encara no ha acabat el buidatge exhaustiu de tota la documentació oficial i privada que en els diversos arxius de la ciutat hi ha acumulada, si que es comencen a manifestar una sèrie de constants en el comportament social dels grups urbans a mesura que els treballs de recerca donen a conèixer realitats històriques emmarcades en estudis més concrets. Així, cada cop s’ha pogut anar precisant amb més exactitud les línies mestres de la situació evolutiva en què es trobava la Lleida decimonònica en els aspectes socials, econòmics i polítics.

Propietarios, aparceros y expedientes judiciales. La lucha por la tierra en Lleida durante el primer franquismo

El objetivo del trabajo es el de analizar las posibilidades que ofrecen las actas de conciliación de los juzgados de paz municipales como fuente privilegiada para el estudio de la conflictividad rural durante el siglo XX. Pretende mostrar cómo las actas permiten (todo y siendo muy difícil una aproximación cuantitativa exhaustiva) un análisis cualitativo que proporciona una imagen distinta y complementaria del impacto de las coyunturas económicas y las políticas agrarias sobre las unidades de producción domésticas: una imagen donde la lucha cotidiana por la propiedad y tenencia de la tierra, el endeudamiento y el incumplimiento de las obligaciones hereditarias, entre otros muchos, son aspectos que emergen a la superficie. En la medida en que, además, dicho análisis empírico se inscribe en un contexto (el de las tierras de Lleida durante los años de la autarquía económica) que ya empezamos a conocer con bastante minuciosidad, los resultados obtenidos adquieren una nueva dimensión y permiten calibrar de un modo más preciso los costos sociales que supuso, para la mayor parte de la población rural de la Cataluña interior, la puesta en funcionamiento del programa económico del régimen del general Franco. PALABRAS CLAVE: Conflictividad, franquismo, juicios, Cataluña, Lleida.

Experiencias de la participación militar española en misiones internacionales (2000-2012)

Este estudio sobre las Fuerzas Armadas españolas aborda, mediante un centenar de entrevistas en profundidad, el análisis de las experiencias vividas en operaciones internacionales. Con ello se ha analizado el contacto con otros actores, su acomodo y comprensión de las normas de enfrentamiento, sus motivaciones, impresiones y experiencias, los rendimientos personales y grupales, el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de la misión y los problemas familiares y psicológicos que puedan haber generado la participación en una misión de este tipo. El resultado de este estudio de caso se integra en un estudio internacional comparado denominado Lessons Learned on Asymmmetric Warfare y auspiciado por el RC nº1 de ISA y el Working Group Military Profession de ERGOMAS.

A territorial approach to R&D subsidies: Empirical evidence for Catalonian firms

Using a database of 2,263 responses to R&D public calls in Catalonia, during the period 2007–2010, this paper proceeds to analyse the potential interaction of the territorial and policy dimensions with the propensity to apply for, and be awarded, a public R&D subsidy. Controlling for characteristics at the firm and project level, we estimate models using a twostep procedure. In the first step, our results suggest that large firms which export and which belong to high-tech manufactures are more likely to participate in a public R&D call. Furthermore, both urban location and past experience of such calls have a positive effect. Our territorial proxy of information spillovers shows a positive sign, but this is only significant at intra-industry level. Membership of one of the sectors prioritized by the Catalan government, perhaps surprisingly, does not have a significant impact. In the second step, our results show that cooperative projects, SMEs or old firms shows a positive effect on the probability of obtaining a public subsidy. Finally, the cluster policy does not show a clear relationship with the public R&D call, suggesting that cluster policies and R&D subsidies follow different goals. Our results are in line with previous results in the literature, but they highlight the unequal territorial distribution of the firms which apply and the fact that policymakers should interlink the decision criteria for their public call with other policies.

Aggressivity, violence, sociability and conflict resolution: What genes can tell us.

Conflicts are inherent to the human condition, as they are for all living beings. Disputes about resources or access to mating partners are among the most common causes of conflict. Conflict is herein defined as a struggle or contest between individuals or parties, and may involve a variety of aggressive behaviours. In humans, aggressiveness, violence and conflicts, including individual predisposal to conflict resolution, have traditionally been said to have deep cultural roots, but recent research in both neuroscience and genetics has shown the influence of genes on such complex behavioural traits. In this paper, recent data on the genetic aspects of these interrelated behaviours will be put together, including the effects of particular genes, the influence of stress and gender on gene regulation, and gene-environment interactions, all of which may influence biological predisposal to conflict resolution. Other genetically influenced behavioural aspects involved in conflicts and conflict resolution, such as sociability, will also be discussed. The importance of taking into account genetic and biological data to provide strategies for conflict resolution will be highlighted.

Population Size and Civil Conflict Risk: Is There A Causal Link?

[spa] La estimación del impacto del tamaño de la populación sobre la probabilidad de conflicto civil se complica por el sesgo de endogeneidad y las variables omitidas. Este artículo trata el problema de causalidad utilizando métodos de variables instrumentales en un panel de 37 países del África Sub-sahariana en el período 1981-2004. Encontramos que un aumento de la población en un 1% aumenta la probabilidad de conflicto civil por un 5.2%.

Development process and initial validation of the ethical conflict in nursing questionnaire-critical care version

Background: Ethical conflicts are arising as a result of the growing complexity of clinical care, coupled with technological advances. Most studies that have developed instruments for measuring ethical conflict base their measures on the variables"frequency" and"degree of conflict". In our view, however, these variables are insufficient for explaining the root of ethical conflicts. Consequently, the present study formulates a conceptual model that also includes the variable"exposure to conflict", as well as considering six"types of ethical conflict". An instrument was then designed to measure the ethical conflicts experienced by nurses who work with critical care patients. The paper describes the development process and validation of this instrument, the Ethical Conflict in Nursing Questionnaire Critical Care Version (ECNQ-CCV). Methods: The sample comprised 205 nursing professionals from the critical care units of two hospitals in Barcelona (Spain). The ECNQ-CCV presents 19 nursing scenarios with the potential to produce ethical conflict in the critical care setting. Exposure to ethical conflict was assessed by means of the Index of Exposure to Ethical Conflict (IEEC), a specific index developed to provide a reference value for each respondent by combining the intensity and frequency of occurrence of each scenario featured in the ECNQ-CCV. Following content validity, construct validity was assessed by means of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), while Cronbach"s alpha was used to evaluate the instrument"s reliability. All analyses were performed using the statistical software PASW v19. Results: Cronbach"s alpha for the ECNQ-CCV as a whole was 0.882, which is higher than the values reported for certain other related instruments. The EFA suggested a unidimensional structure, with one component accounting for 33.41% of the explained variance. Conclusions: The ECNQ-CCV is shown to a valid and reliable instrument for use in critical care units. Its structure is such that the four variables on which our model of ethical conflict is based may be studied separately or in combination. The critical care nurses in this sample present moderate levels of exposure to ethical conflict. This study represents the first evaluation of the ECNQ-CCV.

Development process and initial validation of the ethical conflict in nursing questionnaire-critical care version

Background: Ethical conflicts are arising as a result of the growing complexity of clinical care, coupled with technological advances. Most studies that have developed instruments for measuring ethical conflict base their measures on the variables"frequency" and"degree of conflict". In our view, however, these variables are insufficient for explaining the root of ethical conflicts. Consequently, the present study formulates a conceptual model that also includes the variable"exposure to conflict", as well as considering six"types of ethical conflict". An instrument was then designed to measure the ethical conflicts experienced by nurses who work with critical care patients. The paper describes the development process and validation of this instrument, the Ethical Conflict in Nursing Questionnaire Critical Care Version (ECNQ-CCV). Methods: The sample comprised 205 nursing professionals from the critical care units of two hospitals in Barcelona (Spain). The ECNQ-CCV presents 19 nursing scenarios with the potential to produce ethical conflict in the critical care setting. Exposure to ethical conflict was assessed by means of the Index of Exposure to Ethical Conflict (IEEC), a specific index developed to provide a reference value for each respondent by combining the intensity and frequency of occurrence of each scenario featured in the ECNQ-CCV. Following content validity, construct validity was assessed by means of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), while Cronbach"s alpha was used to evaluate the instrument"s reliability. All analyses were performed using the statistical software PASW v19. Results: Cronbach"s alpha for the ECNQ-CCV as a whole was 0.882, which is higher than the values reported for certain other related instruments. The EFA suggested a unidimensional structure, with one component accounting for 33.41% of the explained variance. Conclusions: The ECNQ-CCV is shown to a valid and reliable instrument for use in critical care units. Its structure is such that the four variables on which our model of ethical conflict is based may be studied separately or in combination. The critical care nurses in this sample present moderate levels of exposure to ethical conflict. This study represents the first evaluation of the ECNQ-CCV.

La discriminación laboral y la gestión de la diversidad de los recursos humanos

[spa] Este estudio se basa en dos cuestiones de actualidad, por una parte: 'La discriminación en el ámbito del trabajo' en la que se estudia la normativa y la doctrina tanto Comunitaria como española, la defensa de la 'no discriminación' y el 'Principio de igualdad', así como las modalidades discriminatorias que se dan en las relaciones laborales. Por otra parte 'La gestión de la diversidad en los recursos humanos' donde se trata de los valores corporativos, el código ético, planes de igualdad y ventajas en la gestión de la diversidad. Cuestiones que la empresa del S. XXI, tendrá que abordar de acuerdo con los nuevos tiempos.