Estructura espacial de un ecotono bosque subalpino-pastos alpinos en los Estanys de la Pera (Pirineos orientales) formado por manchas de árboles

Se describe la estructura y el patrón espacial de un ecotono bosque subalpino-pastos alpinos dominado por Pinus uncinata Ram. (Pirineos Orientales, Cerdanya, Estanys de la Pera). La historia de perturbaciones de la zona sugiere que el patrón espacial del ecotono puede haber sido afectado recientemente por el pastoreo. Se situó una parcela rectangular (30 x 100 m) cruzando el ecotono con su lado mayor paralelo a la pendiente. Para cada individuo de P. uncinata dentro de la parcela se midió: su localización (coordenadas x, y), y diversas variables estructurales (diámetros basal y a 1,3 m de altura, altura, radios de las copas, número de cohortes de acículas, edad estimada -número de internodos del tronco). Los individuos vivos de P. uncinata se clasificaron según su tamaño (adultos, jóvenes, vástagos y plántulas) y forma de crecimiento (krummholz -individuos arbustivos policórmicos-). Se describieron cuantitativamente el tipo de sustrato (roca, materia orgánica, suelo) y la cobertura de herbáceas, arbustos y P. uncinata usando transectos paralelos a la pendiente. La estructura del ecotono se describió mediante: (i) los análisis del patrón de puntos (K de Ripley, casos uni- y bivariante) y (ii) del patrón de superficies (correlogramas omni- y unidireccionales de Moran). El ecotono estudiado mostró una distribución de individuos de P. uncinata en agregados, predominando los vástagos. Los análisis espaciales mostraron la existencia y el tamaño de agregados con valores similares para ciertas variables de los árboles situados dentro del bosque (p. ej. 8-10 m para la edad estimada). La edad estimada de los individuos jóvenes (60 años <) estaba positivamente correlacionada con la altura y el diámetro basal. La regeneración reciente presentó dos máximos (1965-67, 1973-77). Apareció una posible cohorte de individuos más viejos (1941-57). A partir de 1975, la regeneración declinó de forma exponencial. El establecimiento...

La sucesión en los bosques de Pinus uncinata del Pirineo. De los anillos de crecimiento a la historia del bosque

El patrón de sucesión a largo plazo en los bosques subalpinos de Pinus uncinata y su relación con el régimen de perturbaciones al que se ven sometidos se analizan aquí, tomando como referencia el modelo de sucesión de PEET & CHRISTENSEN (1987). Por métodos dendrocronológicos, utilizando datos de árboles vivos y muertos, se han reconstruido los últimos 140-220 años de la historia de tres bosques suficientemente viejos y poco alterados, al menos recientemente, por el hombre. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto ciertas regularidades importantes en la secuencia y en la duración de las fases de la sucesión observadas en la escala espacial que nos permite el muestreo realizado (un transecto lineal de 280-350 metros. De una larga fase de iniciación (110140 años) se pasa casi directamente a una fase de transición, con escasa evidencia de una fase intermedia de exclusión. Este patrón de sucesión, causado por la lentitud y la heterogeneidad espacial de la fase de iniciación y por un régimen de pequeñas perturbaciones dispersas y frecuentes que aparecen muy pronto, es similar al observado en otros bosques subalpinos y ambientes extremos y representa una desviación respecto del modelo de referencia. La tasa media de mortalidad natural de los áboles adultos durante las últimas 4-6 décadas ha sido, respectivamente para los tres bosques, de 6,2, 1,4 y 5,7% por década. Estas tasas son lo sufientemente bajas como para permitir una larga persistencia en la fase de transición de la cohorte dominante - la instalada durante la fase de iniciación -, en declive pero al mismo tiempo inhibiendo la aparición masiva de regeneración. Ello hace previsible una dinámica de la estructura y la funcionalidad del bosque muy fluctuante a largo plazo en la escala espacial estudiada, aunque en su origen puede encontrarse la mano del hombre a través de una perturbación inicial homogeneizadora

Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera Aplidium and Synoicum: Variability and Defensive Role

Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera Aplidium and Synoicum to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species A. falklandicum, A. fuegiense, A. meridianum, A. millari and S. adareanum were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish Odontaster validus, and the amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins AG, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed.

Progress in front propagation research

We review the progress in the field of front propagation in recent years. We survey many physical, biophysical and cross-disciplinary applications, including reduced-variable models of combustion flames, Reid's paradox of rapid forest range expansions, the European colonization of North America during the 19th century, the Neolithic transition in Europe from 13 000 to 5000 years ago, the description of subsistence boundaries, the formation of cultural boundaries, the spread of genetic mutations, theory and experiments on virus infections, models of cancer tumors, etc. Recent theoretical advances are unified in a single framework, encompassing very diverse systems such as those with biased random walks, distributed delays, sequential reaction and dispersion, cohabitation models, age structure and systems with several interacting species. Directions for future progress are outlined

Medio siglo de cambios paisajísticos en la montaña mediterránea. Percepción y valoración social del paisaje en la alta Garrotxa (Girona)

Rural depopulation and abandonment of farming activities have resulted in an intense transformation of the characteristic landscapes of Mediterranean mountains. A dynamic characterized by an intense process of expansion of forested cover in detriment to livestock and agricultural areas. This process, which produces effects such as biodiversity and cultural heritage loss and contributes to the spread of wildfires, can be mapped, quantified and described with high accuracy through the means of digital mapping, geographic information systems and landscape indexes. But what is the perception and valuation of these changes by the stakeholders involved in the management of these territories? This article attempts to answer this question in the protected area of Alta Garrotxa (Girona), where a strong correlation between landscape dynamics and their perception by the stakeholders is revealed. On the other hand, the valuation and future prospects produce diverse and often contradictory points of views that illustrate the existing difficulties to management

Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera Aplidium and Synoicum: Variability and Defensive Role

Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera Aplidium and Synoicum to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species A. falklandicum, A. fuegiense, A. meridianum, A. millari and S. adareanum were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish Odontaster validus, and the amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins AG, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed.

La intensificación agrícola y la diversidad vegetal en los sistemas cerealistas de secano mediterráneos: implicaciones para la conservación

El trabajo analiza la importancia de la diversidad vegetal en los agroecosistemas y los efectos de la intensificación de las prácticas agrícolas y del paisaje sobre la diversidad vegetal. La revisión de diversos estudios llevados a cabo por el equipo de investigación permite destacar que la intensificación agrícola, tanto a escala de campo como de paisaje, afecta negativamente la abundancia y la riqueza específica de la flora. La comparación de la flora arvense de los cultivos cerealistas de secano mediterráneos entre los años 50 y la actualidad refleja la reducción de la flora arvense, especialmente de la flora propia de las mieses y la disminución de la abundancia de grupos funcionales como las leguminosas y las plantas entomófilas. El efecto de las prácticas agrícolas y de la complejidad del paisaje varía en función de la flora estudiada. Así, la complejidad del paisaje es el principal factor que afecta la configuración de la vegetación de los márgenes, mientras que la intensidad de las prácticas agrícolas es el principal factor para explicar las diferencias en la flora arvense en el centro de los campos. Por último, el artículo analiza diversas propuestas para la gestión de los agrosistemas con el objetivo de conciliar la producción agrícola y la conservación de la biodiversidad en la región mediterránea.

Multiple processes regulate long-term population dynamics of sea urchins on Mediterranean rocky reefs

We annually monitored the abundance and size structure of herbivorous sea urchin populations (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) inside and outside a marine reserve in the Northwestern Mediterranean on two distinct habitats (boulders and vertical walls) over a period of 20 years, with the aim of analyzing changes at different temporal scales in relation to biotic and abiotic drivers. P. lividus exhibited significant variability in density over time on boulder bottoms but not on vertical walls, and temporal trends were not significantly different between the protection levels. Differences in densities were caused primarily by variance in recruitment, which was less pronounced inside the MPA and was correlated with adult density, indicating density-dependent recruitment under high predation pressure, as well as some positive feedback mechanisms that may facilitate higher urchin abundances despite higher predator abundance. Populations within the reserve were less variable in abundance and did not exhibit the hyper-abundances observed outside the reserve, suggesting that predation effects maybe more subtle than simply lowering the numbers of urchins in reserves. A. lixula densities were an order of magnitude lower than P. lividus densities and varied within sites and over time on boulder bottoms but did not differ between protection levels. In December 2008, an exceptionally violent storm reduced sea urchin densities drastically (by 50% to 80%) on boulder substrates, resulting in the lowest values observed over the entire study period, which remained at that level for at least two years (up to the present). Our results also showed great variability in the biological and physical processes acting at different temporal scales. This study highlights the need for appropriate temporal scales for studies to fully understand ecosystem functioning, the concepts of which are fundamental to successful conservation and management.

The effect of pesticides and alien invesive species on soil biota and litter decomposition rates in a Mediterrean-climate ecosystem of Western Australia

Ecosystems are complex systems and changing one of their components can alter their whole functioning. Decomposition and biodiversity are two factors that play a role in this stability, and it is vital to study how these two factors are interrelated and how other factors, whether of human origin or not, can affect them. This study has tested different hypotheses regarding the effects of pesticides and invasive species on the biodiversity of the soil fauna and litter decomposition rate. Decomposition was measured using the litterbags technique. Our results indicate that pesticides had a negative effect on decomposition whereas invasive species increased decomposition rate. At the same time, the diversity of the soil biota was unaffected by either factor. These results allow us to better understand the response of important ecosystem functions to human‐induced alterations, in order to mitigate harmful effects or restore them wherever necessary.

A les femelles de peix els agraden els mascles bisexuals

Un estudi sobre el comportament sexual d'un peix que viu en aigües tropicals mostra la gran varietat d'estratègies en el món animal per aconseguir copular

El canvi climàtic podria incremetar la biodiversitat del planeta

L"escalfament de la Terra i la invasió d"espècies té cara i creu. Al mateix temps que alteren l"equilibri dels ecosistemes, poden augmentar-ne la riquesa

δ15N value does not reflect fasting in mysticetes.

The finding that tissue δ15N values increase with protein catabolism has led researchers to apply this value to gauge nutritive condition in vertebrates. However, its application to marine mammals has in most occasions failed. We investigated the relationship between δ15N values and the fattening/fasting cycle in a model species, the fin whale, a migratory capital breeder that experiences severe seasonal variation in body condition. We analyzed two tissues providing complementary insights: one with isotopic turnover (muscle) and one that keeps a permanent record of variations in isotopic values (baleen plates). In both tissues δ15N values increased with intensive feeding but decreased with fasting, thus contradicting the pattern previously anticipated. The apparent inconsistency during fasting is explained by the fact that a) individuals migrate between different isotopic isoscapes, b) starvation may not trigger significant negative nitrogen balance, and c) excretion drops and elimination of 15N-depleted urine is minimized. Conversely, when intensive feeding is resumed in the northern grounds, protein anabolism and excretion start again, triggering 15N enrichment. It can be concluded that in whales and other mammals that accrue massive depots of lipids as energetic reserves and which have limited access to drinking water, the δ15N value is not affected by fasting and therefore cannot be used as an indicatior of nutritive condition.