A prospective, randomized, triple-blind comparison of articaine and bupivacaine for maxillary infiltrations

Objectives: To compare the clinical anesthetic efficacy of 0.5% bupivacaine and 4% articaine (both with 1:200.000 adrenaline) for anterior maxillary infiltration in healthy volunteers. Material and methods: A triple-blind split-mouth randomized clinical trial was carried out in 20 volunteers. A supraperiosteal buccal injection of 0.9 ml of either solution at the apex of the lateral incisor was done in 2 appointments separated 2 weeks apart. The following outcome variables were measured: latency time, anesthetic efficacy (dental pulp, keratinized gingiva, alveolar mucosa and upper lip mucosa and tissue) and the duration of anesthetic effect. Hemodynamic parameters were monitored during the procedure. Results: Latency time recorded was similar for both anesthetic solutions (p>0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in terms of anesthetic efficacy for dental pulp, keratinized gingiva or alveolar mucosa. Articaine had a significant higher proportion of successful anesthesia at 10 minutes after infiltration in lip mucosa and lip skin (p=0.039). The duration of anesthesia was 336 minutes for bupivacaine and 167 minutes for articaine. (p<0.001). No significant hemodynamic alterations were noted during the procedure. Conclusions: Articaine and bupivacaine exhibited similar anesthetic efficacy for maxillary infiltrations. The duration of anesthesia was longer with the bupivacaine solution, but lip anesthesia was better with articaine

Gazpacho consumption is associated with lower blood pressure and reduced hypertension in a high cardiovascular risk cohort. Cross-sectional study of the PREDIMED trial

Hypertension is a major public health problem and a leading cause of death and disability in both developed and developing countries, affecting onequarter of the world"s adult population. Our aim was to evaluate whether the consumption of gazpacho, a Mediterranean vegetable-based cold soup rich in phytochemicals, is associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and/or reduced prevalence of hypertension in individuals at high cardiovascular risk. Methods and results: We selected 3995 individuals (58% women, mean age 67 y) at high cardiovascular risk (81% hypertensive) recruited into the PREDIMED study. BP, weight, and dietary and physical activity data were collected. In multivariate linear regression analyses, after adjustment, moderate and high gazpacho consumption categories were associated with reduced mean systolic BP of 1.9 mm Hg [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.4; 0.6] and 2.6 mm Hg (CI: 4.2; 1.0), respectively, and reduced diastolic BP of 1.5 mm Hg (CI: 2.3; 0.6) and 1.9 mm Hg (CI: 2.8; 1.1). By multiple-adjusted logistic regression analysis, gazpacho consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, with OR Z 0.85 (CI: 0.73; 0.99) for each 250 g/week increase and OR Z 0.73 (CI: 0.55; 0.98) for high gazpacho consumption groups compared to the no-consumption group. Conclusions: Gazpacho consumption was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic BP and prevalence of hypertension in a cross-sectional Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. The association between gazpacho intake and reduction of BP is probably due to synergy among several bioactive compounds present in the vegetable ingredients used to make the recipe.

A short screener is valid for assessing mediterranean diet adherence among older spanish men and women

Ensuring the accuracy of dietary assessment instruments is paramount for interpreting diet-disease relationships. The present study assessed the relative and construct validity of the 14-point Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) used in the Prevencio´n con Dieta Mediterra´nea (PREDIMED) study, a primary prevention nutrition-intervention trial. A validated FFQ and the MEDAS were administered to 7146 participants of the PREDIMED study. The MEDASderived PREDIMED score correlated significantly with the corresponding FFQ PREDIMED score (r = 0.52; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.51) and in the anticipated directions with the dietary intakes reported on the FFQ. Using Bland Altman"s analysis, the average MEDAS Mediterranean diet score estimate was 105% of the FFQ PREDIMED score estimate. Limits of agreement ranged between 57 and 153%. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that a higher PREDIMED score related directly (P , 0.001) to HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and inversely (P , 0.038) to BMI, waist circumference, TG, the TG:HDL-C ratio, fasting glucose, and the cholesterol:HDL-C ratio. The 10-y estimated coronary artery disease risk decreased as the PREDIMED score increased (P , 0.001). The MEDAS is a valid instrument for rapid estimation of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and may be useful in clinical practice.

A 14-item Mediterranean diet assessment tool and obesity indexes among high-risk subjects: the PREDIMED trial

Objective: Independently of total caloric intake, a better quality of the diet (for example, conformity to the Mediterranean diet) is associated with lower obesity risk. It is unclear whether a brief dietary assessment tool, instead of full-length comprehensive methods, can also capture this association. In addition to reduced costs, a brief tool has the interesting advantage of allowing immediate feedback to participants in interventional studies. Another relevant question is which individual items of such a brief tool are responsible for this association. We examined these associations using a 14-item tool of adherence to the Mediterranean diet as exposure and body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional assessment of all participants in the"PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea" (PREDIMED) trial. Subjects: 7,447 participants (55-80 years, 57% women) free of cardiovascular disease, but with either type 2 diabetes or $3 cardiovascular risk factors. Trained dietitians used both a validated 14-item questionnaire and a full-length validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary habits. Trained nurses measured weight, height and waist circumference. Results: Strong inverse linear associations between the 14-item tool and all adiposity indexes were found. For a two-point increment in the 14-item score, the multivariable-adjusted differences in WHtR were 20.0066 (95% confidence interval,- 0.0088 to 20.0049) for women and-0.0059 (-0.0079 to-0.0038) for men. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for a WHtR.0.6 in participants scoring $10 points versus #7 points was 0.68 (0.57 to 0.80) for women and 0.66 (0.54 to 0.80) for men. High consumption of nuts and low consumption of sweetened/carbonated beverages presented the strongest inverse associations with abdominal obesity. Conclusions: A brief 14-item tool was able to capture a strong monotonic inverse association between adherence to a good quality dietary pattern (Mediterranean diet) and obesity indexes in a population of adults at high cardiovascular risk.

Gazpacho consumption is associated with lower blood pressure and reduced hypertension in a high cardiovascular risk cohort. Cross-sectional study of the PREDIMED trial

Hypertension is a major public health problem and a leading cause of death and disability in both developed and developing countries, affecting onequarter of the world"s adult population. Our aim was to evaluate whether the consumption of gazpacho, a Mediterranean vegetable-based cold soup rich in phytochemicals, is associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and/or reduced prevalence of hypertension in individuals at high cardiovascular risk. Methods and results: We selected 3995 individuals (58% women, mean age 67 y) at high cardiovascular risk (81% hypertensive) recruited into the PREDIMED study. BP, weight, and dietary and physical activity data were collected. In multivariate linear regression analyses, after adjustment, moderate and high gazpacho consumption categories were associated with reduced mean systolic BP of 1.9 mm Hg [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.4; 0.6] and 2.6 mm Hg (CI: 4.2; 1.0), respectively, and reduced diastolic BP of 1.5 mm Hg (CI: 2.3; 0.6) and 1.9 mm Hg (CI: 2.8; 1.1). By multiple-adjusted logistic regression analysis, gazpacho consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, with OR Z 0.85 (CI: 0.73; 0.99) for each 250 g/week increase and OR Z 0.73 (CI: 0.55; 0.98) for high gazpacho consumption groups compared to the no-consumption group. Conclusions: Gazpacho consumption was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic BP and prevalence of hypertension in a cross-sectional Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. The association between gazpacho intake and reduction of BP is probably due to synergy among several bioactive compounds present in the vegetable ingredients used to make the recipe.

Low-fat dairy products and blood pressure: follow-up of 2290 older persons at high cardiovascular risk participating in the PREDIMED study

High blood pressure (BP) has been ranked as the most important risk factor worldwide regarding attributable deaths. Dietary habits are major determinants of BP. Among them, frequent intake of low-fat dairy products may protect against hypertension. Our aim was to assess the relationship between low-fat dairy product intake and BP levels and their changes after 12 month follow-up in a cohort of asymptomatic older persons at high cardiovascular risk recruited into a large-scale trial assessing the effects of Mediterranean diets on cardiovascular outcomes. Data from 2290 participants, including 1845 with hypertension, were available for analyses. Dairy products were not a specific part of the intervention; thus, data were analysed as an observational cohort. Dietary information was collected with validated semi-quantitative FFQ and trained personnel measured BP. To assess BP changes, we undertook cross-sectional analyses at baseline and at the end of follow-up and longitudinal analyses. A statistically significant inverse association between low-fat dairy product intake and systolic BP was observed for the 12-month longitudinal analysis. In the longitudinal analysis, the adjusted systolic and diastolic BP were significantly lower in the highest quintile of low-fat dairy product intake ( 2 4·2 (95% CI 2 6·9, 2 1·4) and 2 1·8 (95% CI 2 3·2, 2 0·4) mmHg respectively), whereas the point estimates for the difference in diastolic BP indicated a modest non-significant inverse association. Intake of low-fat dairy products was inversely associated with BP in an older population at high cardiovascular risk, suggesting a possible protective effect against hypertension.

A short screener is valid for assessing mediterranean diet adherence among older spanish men and women

Ensuring the accuracy of dietary assessment instruments is paramount for interpreting diet-disease relationships. The present study assessed the relative and construct validity of the 14-point Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) used in the Prevencio´n con Dieta Mediterra´nea (PREDIMED) study, a primary prevention nutrition-intervention trial. A validated FFQ and the MEDAS were administered to 7146 participants of the PREDIMED study. The MEDASderived PREDIMED score correlated significantly with the corresponding FFQ PREDIMED score (r = 0.52; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.51) and in the anticipated directions with the dietary intakes reported on the FFQ. Using Bland Altman"s analysis, the average MEDAS Mediterranean diet score estimate was 105% of the FFQ PREDIMED score estimate. Limits of agreement ranged between 57 and 153%. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that a higher PREDIMED score related directly (P , 0.001) to HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and inversely (P , 0.038) to BMI, waist circumference, TG, the TG:HDL-C ratio, fasting glucose, and the cholesterol:HDL-C ratio. The 10-y estimated coronary artery disease risk decreased as the PREDIMED score increased (P , 0.001). The MEDAS is a valid instrument for rapid estimation of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and may be useful in clinical practice.

Autoevaluación: Fisiopatología del metabolismo

La respiración, la circulación sanguínea, la contracción de un músculo o el mero pensamiento son fenómenos que obligan a que nuestro organismo esté en constante cambio, produciendo y consumiendo energía. La palabra metabolismo deriva del griego metabolé y significa"cambio". Entendemos como metabolismo a todo el conjunto de reacciones bioquímicas y procesos físicos que ocurren en la célula y en el organismo. Todos estos procesos metabólicos tienen lugar en dos fases. Una fase, llamada anabolismo, en la que se consume energía para transformar moléculas pequeñas (como los aminoácidos) en moléculas mayores (proteínas), y otra fase, llamada catabolismo o fase destructiva, en la que moléculas mayores (glucógeno) se transforman en otras más pequeñas (ácido pirúvico) liberando energía en el proceso. Estos dos procesos son conjugados y cada uno depende del otro. Estas reacciones bioquímicas están organizadas de forma que se siga siempre una determinada ruta metabólica, de tal forma que un sustrato determinado es transformado en un producto concreto, y éste a su vez es el sustrato para crear otro producto. Dentro de esta vía existen unas proteínas llamadas enzimas que posibilitan estas reacciones, comportándose como factores reguladores de estas rutas metabólicas. El siguiente cuestionario tiene la finalidad de profundizar en algunos conceptos importantes dentro de la fisiopatología del metabolismo.

Efecto de un protocolo de acogida sobre la encuesta de satisfacción familiar en una unidad de cuidados intensivos

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de un protocolo de acogida destinado a familiares de pacientes en nuestra unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) sobre el nivel de satisfacción familiar, al alta del paciente. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo cuasi-experimental. Sujetos del estudio: cuidadores principales y pacientes ingresados >24 h en la UCI. Durante dos meses, el grupo control (n=50) recibió la información y la orientación usuales del personal médico y de enfermería. Durante los dos meses siguientes, al grupo intervención (n=65) se le aplicó un protocolo de acogida estructurado y multidisciplinar, proveído en las primeras 24 h tras el ingreso. A ambos grupos (n=115) se les ofreció la Encuesta de Satisfacción Familiar en la UCI (FS-ICU©) en castellano. Resultados: El índice de respuesta del grupo control fue del 90%, frente al 70,7% del grupo intervención. Un total de 87 encuestas se consideraron válidas (>70% de ítems contestados). Observamos que el nivel de satisfacción general (FS-Total), y los niveles de satisfacción con los cuidados (FS-Cuidados) y con la toma de decisiones (FS-TD), en nuestra UCI, parecen muy altos. La mayoría de las puntuaciones de los distintos ítems de la encuesta en ambos grupos (83,3% frente al 79,1%) superaron el 75% en la escala 0-100%. La comparación de niveles de satisfacción entre grupos no muestra diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: Este estudio no demostró que esta intervención haya contribuido a una mejora significativa de la calidad percibida por los familiares en nuestra UCI, medidos con la encuesta FS-ICU© en castellano. Sin embargo, destaca cuestiones metodológicas para considerar en futuros estudios sobre este tema.

Autoevaluación: Fisiopatología del sistema endocrino

El sistema endocrino es un sistema indispensable para mantener el desarrollo, el crecimiento, la reproducción, el metabolismo y la homeostasis del organismo. Está constituido por células que liberan al torrente sanguíneo unas sustancias denominadas hormonas que actúan como «mensajeros químicos», de forma similar a los impulsos eléctricos que utiliza el sistema nervioso; producen efectos únicamente en las células diana, que son las que disponen de receptores específicos para dichas hormonas. Éstas son transportadas por el torrente circulatorio solas o asociadas a determinadas proteínas, y poseen un sistema de autorregulación a través de los ejes hipotalámico-hipofisoglandular utilizando mecanismos de retroalimentación; es decir, las hormonas segregadas por una glándula inhiben la liberación de las hipotalámicas y de las hipofisarias. En este contexto, es necesario recordar que al hacer referencia a las hormonas dentro del ámbito sanitario se utilizan siglas y abreviaturas derivadas del inglés con la intención de agilizar la comunicación científica. Los distintos síndromes endocrinos pueden deberse a dos mecanismos que no son excluyentes: la modificación del tamaño de la glándula y las modificaciones de la actividad funcional (hipofunción o hiperfunción), derivando sus manifestaciones clínicas del mecanismo causante. Las manifestaciones de hipo o hiperfunción vendrán dadas por el exceso o déficit de las acciones que fisiológicamente desempeñan las hormonas que están implicadas; además, un aumento de tamaño glandular podrá ocasionar lesión o compromiso de espacio en una localización anatómica o en sus estructuras próximas. Pese a que la alteración más común dentro del sistema endocrino es la diabetes mellitus, no se incluye en este cuestionario ya que su importancia radica en el síndrome metabólico que provoca. Debido a esto, se trató de ella dentro de la autoevaluación sobre fisiopatología del metabolismo, publicada en esta misma revista en el número 4 del volumen 29 (2011). A través del siguiente cuestionario se profundizará en algunos conceptos importantes dentro de la fisiopatología del sistema endocrino.

Implicación del patrón radiológico en el pronóstico de los tumores oligodendrogliales: correlación con el perfil genético

Introducción. La codeleción 1p19q (LOH1p19q) confiere a los tumores oligodendrogliales quimiosensibilidad y un mejor pronóstico en relación con otros gliomas. La investigación dirigida a identificar características radiológicas asociadas a LOH1p19q ha despertado gran interés en los últimos años. Objetivos. Confirmar la existencia de heterogeneidad regional de los parámetros moleculares en los gliomas oligodendrogliales, valorar la asociación entre el perfil genético y determinadas características radiológicas y clínicas, y analizar el valor pronóstico de éstas. Pacientes y métodos. Se incluyeron 54 pacientes tratados según un protocolo preestablecido común. Se valoraron las secuencias T1, con/sin gadolinio, y T2 de la resonancia magnética preoperatoria a ciegas de la información molecular y clínica. El análisis de LOH se efectuó sobre muestras pareadas de ADN tumoral y genómico. Resultados. La presencia de LOH1p se halló fuertemente asociada a LOH19q (p < 0,0001). LOH1p19q resultó más frecuente en los tumores situados en el lóbulo frontal (odds ratio, OR = 5,38; intervalo de confianza del 95%, IC 95% = 1,51-19,13; p = 0,007) y sin necrosis radiológica (OR = 0,17; IC 95% = 0,03-0,80; p = 0,02). La localización frontal (riesgo relativo, RR = 4,499; IC 95% = 1,027-193,708; p = 0,046), la necrosis radiológica (RR = 0,213; IC 95% = 0,065-0,700; p = 0,011) y el grado de resección (RR = 9,231; IC 95% = 1,737-49,050; p = 0,009) resultaron factores pronósticos independientes de supervivencia global. Conclusiones. En los tumores oligodendrogliales, además del análisis histológico y el estudio genético-molecular, la valoración de determinadas características radiológicas puede resultar de gran utilidad para definir subgrupos de pacientes con pronóstico y respuesta al tratamiento similares. Los esfuerzos deben dirigirse, por tanto, hacia la utilización combinada de todos los recursos disponibles en cada centro.

Disseny i implementació de la base de dades d'un sistema de recollida de dades d'activitat física provinents de dispositius wearables, en el marc d'un projecte big data de salut

Aquest treball de final de carrera vol donar una solució a un suposat encàrrec de la Unió Europea de construir una base de dades relacional que permeti emmagatzemar dades de l'activitat física dels ciutadans, obtingudes a partir de dispositius wearables, i dades de l'estat de salut i malalties diagnosticades, recollides pels sistemes informàtics dels diferents serveis de salut. Amb totes aquestes dades recopilades la nostra base de dades permetrà, a través d'aplicacions d'alt nivell, extreure informació útil que permeti conèixer l'estat de salut real dels ciutadans i dissenyar actuacions i campanyes que permetin la seva millora.

Actualidad de la Idea de una universidad de J. H. Newman

A mitjans de segle XIX, John Henry Newman va rebre l'encàrrec d'organitzar i dirigir una nova universitat a Dublin. Com a síntesi de les reflexions que van acompanyar aquell projecte, va publicar un escrit intitulat Idea of a University que encara avui dia ofereix nombrosos elements per a la reflexió de tots aquells que en formem part de la comunitat universitària. Els trets distintius de la universitat en què Newman hi pensa són: una vocació humil de servei que es concreta en la formació de persones, no tant de gentlemen o elits socials; primacia de l'educació de la intel·ligència especulativa, sense subordinar-la a l'educació moral ni a la formació tècnica; un lloc d'ensenyament del saber universal -deixant per altres institucions l'activitat de pura investigació- i de contacte viu entre les diferents especialitats -és bàsic l'intercanvi continu d'experiències entre docents i alumnes d'estudis diferents-; una acció tutorial que permeti descobrir en cada alumne els seus talents i les seves aptituds particulars; una producció o 'transferència de coneixement' vinculada a la vàlua real de l'activitat intel·lectual -qui publica ho fa perquè realment té quelcom a dir-. Com a rerefons d'aquestes propostes, Newman posa l'accent en la necessitat que la universitat sigui un ambient on es confia pregonament en la possibilitat d'accedir a un coneixement veritable de la realitat. Més que mai en un món intel·lectual que ja a mitjans segle XIX començava a trontollar sota el pes del nihilisme i l'escepticisme, Newman reivindica el valor de la veritat com a fi últim de tota vida universitària.

Polyphenol intake and mortality risk: a re-analysis of the PREDIMED trial

Background: Polyphenols may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as their beneficial effects on blood pressure, lipids and insulin resistance. However, no previous epidemiological studies have evaluated the relationship between the intake of total polyphenols intake and polyphenol subclasses with overall mortality. Our aim was to evaluate whether polyphenol intake is associated with all-cause mortality in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: We used data from the PREDIMED study, a 7,447-participant, parallel-group, randomized, multicenter, controlled five-year feeding trial aimed at assessing the effects of the Mediterranean Diet in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data from repeated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) with the Phenol-Explorer database on the polyphenol content of each reported food. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between polyphenol intake and mortality were estimated using time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Over an average of 4.8 years of follow-up, we observed 327 deaths. After multivariate adjustment, we found a 37% relative reduction in all-cause mortality comparing the highest versus the lowest quintiles of total polyphenol intake (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.12). Among the polyphenol subclasses, stilbenes and lignans were significantly associated with reduced all-cause mortality (HR =0.48; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.91; P for trend = 0.04 and HR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.03, respectively), with no significant associations apparent in the rest (flavonoids or phenolic acids). Conclusions: Among high-risk subjects, those who reported a high polyphenol intake, especially of stilbenes and lignans, showed a reduced risk of overall mortality compared to those with lower intakes. These results may be useful to determine optimal polyphenol intake or specific food sources of polyphenols that may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality.

Sistema de vídeo vigilancia IP

El proyecto "IP-VideoSurveillance" es un proyecto de fin de carrera con documentación y código fuente en C# (VS 2010 .NET). Su función básica es poder ser utilizado como programa para la monitorización de cámaras IP (en red) o locales (físicamente conectadas).