Las comunidades de líquenes de las rocas silíceas no volcánicas del SE de España

This study contains the results of a survey based on 200 relevés made, following the methodology of Klement (1955), in the provinces of Murcia, Almeria and Albacete, from the coast to 2000 msm, on siliceous rocks, mainly metamorphic schists and, more rarely, on quartzite. The climate is predominantly mediterranean and arid (from 180 to 500 mm of annual rainfall), and belongs to I11 and III(1V) types of Walter and Lieth, in the low regions, and to IV4 in the mountains. The coastal zone and also a lot of south-facing slopes enjoy fairly warm winters.

Las comunidades liquenicas de las superficies de escorrentia de las rocas siliceas mediterraneas

Estudio de la vegetación liquénica que se desarrolla sobre las rocas silíceas, en las superficies por las que resbala el agua durante las lluvias y un corto tiempo después. Las especiales condiciones de aporte de agua y de sales, superiores al del resto de las superficies, resultan adecuadas para una flora muy especializada, que configura unas comunidades muy originales, ricas en liqúenes con cianofíceas, como Peltula euploca, Gonohymenia cribellifera, Lichinella stipatula, Peltula omphaliza, P. placodizans, que caracterizan la alianza Peltulion euplocae, que describimos como nueva. Ordenamos los inventarios en dos asociaciones, Peltuletum euplocae, menos termófila, más bien mesomediterránea, aunque alcanza puntos excepcionales de Europa central y Peltuletum obscuranto-euplocae, termomediterránea. La variabilidad de estas comunidades se refleja en 5 subasociaciones, 4 de ellas no conocidas previamente.

Shear thinning and thixotropy of HMHEC and HEC water solutions

Steady state viscosity and thixotropy of hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose HMHEC and nonassociative cellulose water solutions are studied. Although all the samples are shear thinning, only the HMHEC is thixotropic, since the migration of hydrophobes to micelles is controlled by diffusion. The Cross model fits steady state curves. The Mewis model, a phenomenological model that proposes that the rate of change of viscosity when the shear rate is suddenly changed is related to the difference between the steady state and current values of viscosity raised to an exponent, fits structure construction experiments when the exponent, n, is estimated to be around 2. The Newtonian assumption used by Mewis cannot be used here, however. This seems to be related to the fact that the thickening is due to bridged micelle formation, which is a slow process, and also to topological constraints and entanglements, which are rapid processes. The kinetic parameter was redefined to kn in order to make it independent of initial conditions. So, kn depends only on how the shear affects the structure. kn reaches a plateau at shear rates too low to produce structure destruction and decreases at higher shear rates.