Cerolipofuscinose: Estudo Ultrastrutural de 8 Casos

Os autores apresentam as principais características clínicas e descrevem os achados ultrastruturais de 8 casos de cerolipofuscinose (CLF)dos tipo infantil tardio (5 casos) e juvenil (3 casos) cujo diagnóstico clínico foi confirmado pela observação em microscopia electrónica de microbuffycoats de linfócitos do sangue periférico, e de biópsias de músculo estriado, pele, conjuntiva palpebral e mucosa rectal. A observação ultrastrutural confirmou o predomínio de agrupamentos de perfis paralelos de membranas e figuras paracristalinas nas células dos casos do tipo juvenil, e de corpos curvilineares nas células dos casos de tipo infantil tardio. Nestes dois tipos não se verificou preferência pela observação de um determinado tecido para a confirmação ultrastrutural do diagnóstico clínico. Em dois casos foram observados, nos linfócitos do sangue periférico, feixes de tubos paralelos associados no mesmo citosoma às inclusões típicas das CLF, o que pode sugerir uma relação daquelas estruturas com a alteração metabólica destas doenças. A sensibilidade e a especificidade reveladas pelo exame ultrastrutural de linfócitos do sangue periférico, e a facilidade de execução técnica, recomendam o seu uso para a confirmação do diagnóstico clínico de cerolipofuscinose.

The Use of Statins in People at Risk of Developing Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence and Guidance for Clinical Practice

Reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels using statins is associated with significant reductions in cardiovascular (CV) events in a wide range of patient populations. Although statins are generally considered to be safe, recent studies suggest they are associated with an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This led the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change their labelling requirements for statins to include a warning about the possibility of increased blood sugar and HbA1c levels and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to issue guidance on a small increased risk of T2D with the statin class. This review examines the evidence leading to these claims and provides practical guidance for primary care physicians on the use of statins in people with or at risk of developing T2D. Overall, evidence suggests that the benefits of statins for the reduction of CV risk far outweigh the risk of developing T2D, especially in individuals with higher CV risk. To reduce the risk of developing T2D, physicians should assess all patients for T2D risk prior to starting statin therapy, educate patients about their risks, and encourage risk-reduction through lifestyle changes. Whether some statins are more diabetogenic than others requires further study. Statin-treated patients at high risk of developing T2D should regularly be monitored for changes in blood glucose or HbA1c levels, and the risk of conversion from pre-diabetes to T2D should be reduced by intensifying lifestyle changes. Should a patient develop T2D during statin treatment, physicians should continue with statin therapy and manage T2D in accordance with relevant national guidelines.