O Treino de Ortostatismo (Tilt Training) Aumenta a Reserva Vasoconstritora em Doentes com Síncope Reflexa Neurocardiogénica

A síncope neurocardiogénica (SNc) é uma entidade clínica comum, resultante de uma resposta autonómica reflexa excessiva durante o stress ortostático. As diferentes opções terapêuticas são controversas e de eficácia limitada. O treino de ortostatismo (TTr) tem-se mostrado uma alternativa prometedora no tratamento destes doentes (D). No entanto, permanece por esclarecer o seu mecanismo de acção e o impacto clínico numa população com SNc recorrente. Objectivo: Caracterizar a resposta hemodinâmica e autonómica durante um programa de TTr em doentes com SNc refratária às medidas convencionais. População e métodos: Foram estudados 28D (50% do sexo masculino, 41±14 anos), sem evidência de cardiopatia, com SNc documentada em teste de ortostatismo passivo. O TTr incluiu 9 sessões hospitalares (3x/semana, 30 minutos) com monitorizac¸ão contínua de pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca (60◦ - 6 sessões - 70◦ - 3 sessões), complementadas com treino diário no domicílio e elevação da cabeceira a 10◦ durante o sono. O volume sistólico, o débito cardíaco, a resistência vascular periférica, a sensibilidade do barorreflexo e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca foram calculados. Todos os doentes foram reavaliados no fim do 1.◦ mês e no final de cada 6 meses num período máximo de 36 meses (follow-up 24±12 meses). Resultados: Ao longo das sessões de TTr verificou-se um aumento significativo e consistente da resistência total periférica (1485±225 vs. 1591±187 dyne*s/cm−5, p < 0,05) associado a uma diminuição do seu desvio-padrão (206±60 vs. 150±42, p < 0,05). Durante o período de follow-up, houve recorrência de síncope em 5D (19%), com redução significativa do número de síncopes (4,0±3,2/D nos 12 meses pre-TTr vs. 1,4±0,8/D pos-TTr, p < 0,05). Conclusão: Em doentes com SNc refratária, o TTr mostrou ser uma opção terapêutica eficaz, com benefício a longo prazo. A melhor tolerância ao ortostatismo parece resultar do aumento da reserva vasoconstritora e da sua menor variabilidade.

Analysis of Synaptic Proteins in the Cerebrospinal Fluid as a New Tool in the Study of Inborn Errors of Neurotransmission

Abstract In a few rare diseases, specialised studies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are required to identify the underlying metabolic disorder. We aimed to explore the possibility of detecting key synaptic proteins in the CSF, in particular dopaminergic and gabaergic, as new procedures that could be useful for both pathophysiological and diagnostic purposes in investigation of inherited disorders of neurotransmission. Dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R), dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) were analysed in CSF samplesfrom 30 healthy controls (11 days to 17 years) by western blot analysis. Because VMAT2 was the only protein with intracellular localisation, and in order to compare results, GABA vesicular transporter, which is another intracellular protein, was also studied. Spearman’s correlation and Student’s t tests were applied to compare optical density signals between different proteins. All these synaptic proteins could be easily detected and quantified in the CSF. DAT, D2R and GABA VT expression decrease with age, particularly in the first months of life, reflecting the expected intense synaptic activity and neuronal circuitry formation. A statistically significant relationship was found between D2R and DAT expression, reinforcing the previous evidence of DAT regulation by D2R. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies on human CSF reporting a reliable analysis of these proteins. These kinds of studies could help elucidate new causes of disturbed dopaminergic and gabaergic transmission as well as understanding different responses to L-dopa in inherited disorders affecting dopamine metabolism. Moreover, this approach to synaptic activity in vivo can be extended to different groups of proteins and diseases.

A Communication Intervention for Training Southern European Oncologists to Recognize Psychosocial Morbidity in Cancer. I - Development of the Model and Preliminary Results on Physicians' Satisfaction

BACKGROUND: The detection of psychosocial distress is a significant communication problem in Southern Europe and other countries. Work in this area is hampered by a lack of data. Because not much is known about training aimed at improving the recognition of psychosocial disorders in cancer patients, we developed a basic course model for medical oncology professionals. METHODS: A specific educational and experiential model (12 hours divided into 2 modules) involving formal teaching (ie, journal articles, large-group presentations), practice in small groups (ie, small-group exercises and role playing), and discussion in large groups was developed with the aim of improving the ability of oncologists to detect emotional disturbances in cancer patients (ie, depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders). RESULTS: A total of 30 oncologists from 3 Southern European countries (Italy, Portugal, and Spain) participated in the workshop. The training course was well accepted by most participants who expressed general satisfaction and a positive subjective perception of the utility of the course for clinical practice. Of the total participants, 28 physicians (93.3%) thought that had they been exposed to this material sooner, they would have incorporated the techniques received in the workshop into their practices; 2 participants stated they would likely have done so. Half of the doctors (n = 15) believed that their clinical communication techniques were improved by participating in the workshop, and the remaining half thought that their abilities to communicate with cancer patients had improved. CONCLUSIONS: This model is a feasible approach for oncologists and is easily applicable to various oncology settings. Further studies will demonstrate the effectiveness of this method for improving oncologists skills in recognizing emotional disorders in their patients with cancer.

Tradução, Adaptação e Validação da Escala Jones Dependency Tool

A avaliação do grau de dependência dos utentes é um dos aspectos que contribui para a melhoria dos cuidados, dado que permite uma melhor adequação dos recursos humanos às situações vivenciadas no quotidiano dos serviços de urgência. A carga de trabalho em enfermagem está estreitamente relacionada com o grau de dependência, pelo que a sua avaliação assume-se como um elemento fundamental numa politica de gestão de qualidade. Com o intuito de avaliar, numa fase inicial, o grau de dependência dos utentes que recorrem aos serviços de urgência foi criada uma escala – Jones Dependency Tool (JDT) – sendo que o objectivo major é a avaliação da carga de trabalho em Enfermagem relacionando com o grau de dependência dos utentes. O presente estudo visa traduzir, adaptar e validar para Portugal o referido instrumento. O estudo encontra-se dividido em duas partes. A primeira constituída pela tradução e adaptação cultural da JDT para língua portuguesa e a segunda, pela análise da fidelidade e da validade do instrumento. O processo de validação para a língua portuguesa ocorreu numa amostra de 129 utentes de dois serviços de urgência da região de lisboa. Através dos testes estatísticos realizados, a versão Portuguesa revelou-se um instrumento confiável e válido para a realização do grau de dependência dos utentes que recorrem ao serviço de urgência.

Tilt Training Increases Vasoconstrictor Reserve in Patients with Neurocardiogenic Syncope

Neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) is a common clinical entity resulting from an excessive reflex autonomic response, particularly during orthostatism. Treatment options are controversial and of limited effectiveness. Tilt training (TT) is a promising option to treat these patients. However, its mechanism of action and clinical impact remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To characterize hemodynamic and autonomic responses during a TT program in patients with NCS refractory to conventional measures. METHODS: We studied 28 patients (50% male, mean age 41±14 years) without structural heart disease, with NCS documented by tilt testing. The TT program included 9 tilt sessions (3 times a week, 30 min) (60° - 6 sessions, 70° - 3 sessions), under ECG and blood pressure monitoring combined with home orthostatic self-training and 10° head-up during sleep. Systolic volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability were computed. Patients were reassessed at 1 month and every 6 months for a maximum of 36 months (24±12 months). RESULTS: Over the course of the TT program there was a significant increase in total peripheral resistance (1485±225 vs. 1591±187 dyn·s·cm(-5), p<0.05), with a decrease in standard deviation (206±60 vs. 150±42, p<0.05). During follow-up, syncope recurred in five patients (19%), with a significant reduction in the number of episodes (4.0±3.2/patient in the 12 months before TT vs. 1.4±0.8/patient post-TT, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In refractory NCS, TT may be an effective therapeutic option, with long-term benefits. These results appear to be due to an increase in vasoconstrictor reserve combined with a reduction in its variance.

Five-Year Review of an International Clinical Research-Training Program

The exponential increase in clinical research has profoundly changed medical sciences. Evidence that has accumulated in the past three decades from clinical trials has led to the proposal that clinical care should not be based solely on clinical expertise and patient values, and should integrate robust data from systematic research. As a consequence, clinical research has become more complex and methods have become more rigorous, and evidence is usually not easily translated into clinical practice. Therefore, the instruction of clinical research methods for scientists and clinicians must adapt to this new reality. To address this challenge, a global distance-learning clinical research-training program was developed, based on collaborative learning, the pedagogical goal of which was to develop critical thinking skills in clinical research. We describe and analyze the challenges and possible solutions of this course after 5 years of experience (2008-2012) with this program. Through evaluation by students and faculty, we identified and reviewed the following challenges of our program: 1) student engagement and motivation, 2) impact of heterogeneous audience on learning, 3) learning in large groups, 4) enhancing group learning, 5) enhancing social presence, 6) dropouts, 7) quality control, and 8) course management. We discuss these issues and potential alternatives with regard to our research and background.