Stress-Related Mucosal Disease: Incidence of Bleeding and the Role of Omeprazole in its Prophylaxis

BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is the severe complication of stress-related mucosal disease in hospitalized patients. In intensive care units (ICU), risk factors are well defined and only mechanical ventilation and coagulopathy proved to be relevant for significant bleeding. On the contrary, in non-ICU settings there is no consensus about this issue. Nevertheless, omeprazole is still widely used in prophylaxis of bleeding. The objective of our study was to evaluate the relevance of stress-related mucosal disease bleeding in patients admitted to an internal medicine ward, and the role of omeprazole in its prophylaxis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in which we analysed consecutive patients who were admitted to our ward over a year. We recorded demographic characteristics of the patients, potential risk factors for stress-related mucosal disease (clinical data, laboratory, and medication), administration of prophylactic omeprazole, and total cost of this prophylaxis. Patients with active gastrointestinal bleeding on the admission were excluded. We recorded every upper gastrointestinal bleeding event with clinical relevance. RESULTS: Five hundred and thirty-five patients, mean age 70 years, mean length of stay 9.6+/-7.7 days; 140 (26.2%) patients were treated with 40 mg of omeprazole intravenously, 193 (36.1%) with 20mg of omeprazole orally, and 202 (37.8%) patients had no prophylaxis. There was only one episode (0.2%) of clinically relevant bleeding. CONCLUSION: In patients admitted to an internal medicine ward, incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding as a complication of stress-related mucosal disease is low. We found that there is no advantage in prophylaxis with omeprazole.

Accidental Epinephrine Administration

A administração intravenosa acidental de adrenalina é um erro raro mas potencialmente fatal. Descrevemos um caso de uma mulher de 74 anos que durante uma intervenção cirúrgica a uma Colelitíase recebeu por acidente 4 mg de adrenalina intravenosa em vez de Neostigmina, no despertar da anestesia. A doente apresentou um episódio de Taquicardia Supra Ventricular (TSV) juntamente com uma crise hipertensiva e sinais de perfusão periférica fracos. O tratamento adequado resultou numa recuperação favorável sem sequelas. Discutimos a gestão adequada desta complicação e possíveis mecanismos para evitar erro humano na administração de fármacos durante a anestesia.

Analysis of Synaptic Proteins in the Cerebrospinal Fluid as a New Tool in the Study of Inborn Errors of Neurotransmission

Abstract In a few rare diseases, specialised studies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are required to identify the underlying metabolic disorder. We aimed to explore the possibility of detecting key synaptic proteins in the CSF, in particular dopaminergic and gabaergic, as new procedures that could be useful for both pathophysiological and diagnostic purposes in investigation of inherited disorders of neurotransmission. Dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R), dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) were analysed in CSF samplesfrom 30 healthy controls (11 days to 17 years) by western blot analysis. Because VMAT2 was the only protein with intracellular localisation, and in order to compare results, GABA vesicular transporter, which is another intracellular protein, was also studied. Spearman’s correlation and Student’s t tests were applied to compare optical density signals between different proteins. All these synaptic proteins could be easily detected and quantified in the CSF. DAT, D2R and GABA VT expression decrease with age, particularly in the first months of life, reflecting the expected intense synaptic activity and neuronal circuitry formation. A statistically significant relationship was found between D2R and DAT expression, reinforcing the previous evidence of DAT regulation by D2R. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies on human CSF reporting a reliable analysis of these proteins. These kinds of studies could help elucidate new causes of disturbed dopaminergic and gabaergic transmission as well as understanding different responses to L-dopa in inherited disorders affecting dopamine metabolism. Moreover, this approach to synaptic activity in vivo can be extended to different groups of proteins and diseases.

The Risks of Self - Medication: Case Report of Familial Misuse of AM3 (Immunoferon®)

Over the last decades extended medical knowledge has been an important health care benefit in terms of disease prevention and management. However, probably with no exception, most pharmaceutical products are not devoid of adverse consequences. Immunomodulators are commonly considered a “benign” drug whose advantages bypass consequences. The immunomodulator AM3 (Immunoferon®) is a clinically used, orally administered compound whose active principle is stabilised in an inorganic matrix of calcium. We report the misuse of AM3 in three members of a family; father and two children. The drug was prescribed to the father who subsequently administered it to the children without seeking medical advice. Two months later, all subjects developed abdominal and/or flank colicky pain. Hypercalciuria was diagnosed in the children with different degrees of severity. It is likely that the calcium content of the inorganic matrix played an important role in the onset of symptoms. No adverse side effects related to the inorganic matrix of calcium of immunoferon® have been documented so far. This family case report calls attention to the risks of self -medication in a susceptible family. Paediatric patients are vulnerable as they rely on adults for the supply of medications. Concerning the use of drugs in family, especially nonprescription drugs, the quality of health care provided to the children depends on the health literacy of their parents.

Health-Related Quality of Life Impact of a Triple Combination of Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine Besylate and Hydrochlorotiazide in Subjects with Hypertension

BACKGROUND: A post-hoc analysis was performed on the data from a 54 weeks phase III study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00923091) to measure changes in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of 2,690 patients aged ≥18 with moderate-to-severe hypertension who received one of six doses of olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide (OLM/AML/HCTZ), using the MINICHAL and EQ-5D instruments. METHODS: Descriptive statistics were used to assess blood pressure and HRQoL scores over the study period. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to identify those factors that could possibly have influenced HRQoL. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between changes in blood pressure and HRQoL scores. RESULTS: Patients' baseline MINICHAL mood and somatic domains scores were 5.5 and 2.6. Over the study period HRQoL improved as both MINICHAL scores decreased by 31-33%. Patients' baseline EQ-5D index and VAS scores were 0.9 and 73.4 respectively, increasing by 6% and 12% over the study period. Patients' QALY gain over the 54 weeks study period was estimated to be 0.029 QALYs. The ANCOVA showed that changes in patients' HRQoL was likely to have been influenced by patients' achievement of blood pressure control, the amount of concomitant medication and patients' last used dosage strength of antihypertensive. Linear regression showed that blood pressure improvement may have been associated with improved HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that OLM/AML/HCTZ reduced blood pressure and significantly increased blood pressure control whilst improving patients' HRQoL. Achieving blood pressure control, amount of concomitant medication and dosage strength of antihypertensive impacted on patients' HRQoL.

Identificação das Formas Farmacêuticas Orais Sólidas no Circuito do Medicamento. Qual o Valor da Segurança?

Introdução É missão do farmacêutico hospitalar aumentar a segurança e qualidade de todos os processos associados à utilização do medicamento1,2. Os erros de medicação são a principal causa de eventos adversos preveníveis, comprometem a confiança dos doentes nas instituições prestadoras de cuidados de saúde e aumentam os custos3. O presente trabalho centra-se na problemática da identificação unitária das formas farmacêuticas orais sólidas (FFOS) a propósito de duas histórias actuais de segurança com medicamentos no HSJ: paracetamol 500mg comprimidos e de acetilcisteína 600mg comprimidos efervescentes. Objetivos Evidenciar a intervenção dos Serviços Farmacêuticos (SF) na garantia da segurança das FFOS no contexto das exigências das Boas Práticas de Farmácia Hospitalar e dos constrangimentos na selecção e aquisição de medicamentos. Desenvolvimento Os SF são responsáveis pela selecção e aquisição de medicamentos com a máxima qualidade, para o suprimento das necessidades terapêuticas dos doentes do Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central (CHLC)4. A indústria farmacêutica não disponibiliza a totalidade dos medicamentos em embalagem unitária devidamente identificada. Os hospitais públicos têm a obrigatoriedade de adquirir os medicamentos que constam no catálogo dos Serviços Partilhados do Ministério da Saúde (SPMS), sendo critério de adjudicação único o preço mais baixo5. Muitos destes medicamentos não cumprem os requisitos de identificação adequados para a prevenção de erros de medicação e garantia da segurança do doente. Para colmatar esta lacuna e promover a segurança do circuito do medicamento, os SF reembalam os medicamentos disponibilizando-os de forma individualizada adequadamente identificados. Metodologia Pesquisa e análise bibliográfica. Recolha, através do Sistema de Gestão Integrada do Circuito do Medicamento (SGICM), dos dados de consumo de paracetamol 500mg comprimidos e de acetilcisteína 600mg comprimidos efervescentes dos anos 2014/2015. Recolha dos dados de produção da unidade de reembalagem dos SF do Hospital de São José de FFOS desde Janeiro 2011 a Agosto de 2015. Conclusões Verifica-se um aumento continuado do número de FFOS reembaladas ao longo do período analisado. A capacidade instalada da unidade de reembalagem de FFOS é limitada. Idealmente a indústria farmacêutica deve responder efectivamente às necessidades de qualidade e segurança na utilização dos medicamentos que coloca no mercado. A inclusão no catálogo dos SPMS deve exigir a completa identificação unitária das FFOS; senão, deverá ser ponderada a ampliação da capacidade da unidade de reembalagem das FFOS dos SF para garantir a segurança no circuito do medicamento. Referências bibliográficas 1. FIP Global Conference on the Future of Hospital Pharmacy, Final Basel Statements, 2008; 2. Decreto-Lei 414/91; 3. Bates,D., Preventing medication errors: a summary in American Journal of Health System Pharmacy, EUA, vol.64, supl.9, 2007; 4. Procedimento Multissetorial, Med.106, Responsabilidades no circuito do medicamento. CHLC 2014; 5. Despacho 13025-B/2013.