Primary Disorders of Neurotransmitter Metabolism: Experience of a Tertiary Center

Neurotransmitter diseases are a group of inherited disorders attributable to a disturbance of neurotransmitter metabolism. Biogenic amines are neurotransmitters with multiple roles including psychomotor function, hormone secretion, cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal control, sleep mechanisms, body temperature and pain. Given the multiple functions of monoamines, disorders of their metabolism comprise a wide spectrum of manifestations, with motor dysfunction being the most prominent clinical feature. Methods: Case review of 12 patients from 4 families, with primary disorders of biogenic amine metabolism. Results: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (4 patients from 2 families), and GTP-cyclohydrolase (8 patients from 2 families) were the two diseases identified. Age at first symptoms varied between 2 months and 6 years. Developmental delay was present in all cases except 2 patients with GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency. The combination of axial hypotonia and limb dystonia was also frequent. Children with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency exhibited temperature instability, oculogyric crisis and disturbances of sleep. The index case of one family with GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency presented with Parkinsonism (bradykinesia, rigidity and hypomimia). Analysis of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in CSF was crucial for the identification of index cases. Response to therapy was variable but in general unsatisfactory except in a family with GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency. Conclusions: These disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis of paediatric neurodegenerative diseases, in order to allow an adequate therapeutic trial that can favor prognosis.

Deficiência da Descaboxilase dos L-Aminoacidos Aromáticos

A descarboxilase dos L-aminoácidos aromáticos, um enzima piridoxina dependente, é responsável pela conversão da L-dopa em dopamina e do 5 hidroxitriptofano em serotonina. A deficiência desse enzima, um erro inato do metabolismo dos neurotransmissores, resulta numa doença autossómica recessiva com manifestações neurológicas graves. Os dois casos apresentados de deficiência da descarboxilase dos L-aminoácidos aromáticos, entidade pela primeira vez descrita no nosso país, apresentam características clínicas semelhantes, resultantes da disfunção do metabolismo aminérgico: hipotonia, distonia, atraso no desenvolvimento psicomotor, episódios de movimentos oculógiros, irritabilidade e instabilidade vasomotora. A tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética cerebrais foram normais em ambos os casos. Os exames bioquímicos e o estudo da actividade enzimática permitiram fazer o diagnóstico de deficiência da descarboxilase dos L-aminoácidos aromáticos. O nosso objectivo é chamar a atenção para a necessidade de investigar os defeitos do metabolismo dos neurotransmilissores na presença de Uma doença neurológica crónica sem etiologia conhecida. A importância de colocar este diagnóstico diferencial, o mais precocemente possível, advém das possibilidades de terapêutica, aconselhamento genético adequado e diagnóstico pré-natal, já hoje existentes.