Mutilations Due to Medical Disorders in Children

Soft-tissue and bone necrosis, although rare in childhood, occasionally occur in the course of infectious diseases, either viral or bacterial, and seem to be the result of hypoperfusion on a background of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Treatment consists in correction of septic shock and control of necrosis. Necrosis, once started, shows extraordinarily rapid evolution, leading to soft-tissue and bone destruction and resulting in anatomic, functional, psychological, and social handicaps. Ten mutilated children were treated from January 1986 to January 1999 in Hospital de Dona Estefaˆ nia, Lisbon, Portugal. One was recovering from hemolytic-uremic syndrome with a severe combined immunodeficiency, another malnourished, anemic child had malaria, and three had chicken pox (in one case complicated by meningococcal septicemia). There were three cases of meningococcal and two of pyocyanic septicemia (one in a burned child and one in a patient with infectious mononucleosis). The lower limbs (knee,leg, foot) were involved in five cases, the face (ear, nose, lip) in four, the perineum in three, the pelvis (inguinal region, iliac crest) in two, the axilla in one, and the upper limb (radius, hand) in two. Primary prevention is based on early recognition of risk factors and timely correction. Secondary prevention consists of immediate etiologic and thrombolytic treatment to restrict the area of necrosis. Tertiary prevention relies on adequate rehabilitation with physiotherapy and secondary operations to obtain the best possible functional and esthetic result.

Brachial Plexus Morphology and Vascular Supply in the Wistar Rat

Introduction: The rat is probably the animal species most widely used in experimental studies on nerve repair. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the morphology and blood supply of the rat brachial plexus. Material and Methods: Thirty adult rats were studied regarding brachial plexus morphology and blood supply. Intravascular injection and dissection under an operating microscope, as well as light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to define the microanatomy of the rat brachial plexus and its vessels. Results: The rat brachial plexus was slightly different from the human brachial plexus. The arterial and venous supply to the brachial plexus plexus was derived directly or indirectly from neighboring vessels. These vessels formed dense and interconnected plexuses in the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium. Several brachial plexus components were accompanied for a relatively long portion of their length by large and constant blood vessels that supplied their epineural plexus, making it possible to raise these nerves as flaps. Discussion: The blood supply to the rat brachial plexus is not very different from that reported in humans, making the rat a useful animal model for the experimental study of peripheral nerve pathophysiology and treatment. Conclusion: Our results support the homology between the rat and the human brachial plexus in terms of morphology and blood supply. This work suggests that several components of the rat brachial plexus can be used as nerve flaps, including predominantly motor, sensory or mixed nerve fibers. This information may facilitate new experimental procedures in this animal model.

Doença Estreptocócica Invasiva Grave - Doença Emergente?

Introdução: A incidência da doença estreptocócica invasiva (DSI) tem vindo a aumentar na Europa e América do Norte desde o final dos anos 1980, provavelmente relacionada com a emergência de estirpes mais virulentas. Em oito meses foram internados no nosso hospital seis casos desta entidade rara. Objectivos: Descrever as características da doença estreptocócica invasiva grave. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, de Dezembro de 2007 a Julho de 2008. Analisaram-se parâmetros demográficos, factores de risco, clínica, terapêutica, complicações e evolução. Resultados: Identificaram-se seis casos com mediana de idade de 2,5 anos: síndrome de choque tóxico estreptocócico (STSS) (2), fasceíte necrotizante (2), bacteriémia (1) e infecção estreptocócica grave (1). Cinco casos ocorreram entre Dezembro e Fevereiro. Em quatro doentes registaram-se eventuais factores de risco (infecções virais e anti-inflamatórios não esteroides). Duas crianças necessitaram de cirurgia e três de tratamento em cuidados intensivos. Todas as estirpes eram susceptíveis à penicilina e clindamicina. Ocorreram complicações em 5/6 doentes: choque séptico (3), coagulação intravascular disseminada (2), insuficiência renal (2), abcesso de tecidos moles (2), sobreinfecção bacteriana (2), síndrome de dificuldade respiratória do adulto (1), osteomielite /artrite séptica (1) e pneumonia/derrame pleural (1). Não se registaram óbitos. Comentários: Seis casos de DSI num curto espaço de tempo podem indiciar a emergência de estirpes de Streptococcus grupo A (GAS) de maior virulência no nosso país, pelo que a realização de estudos moleculares será fundamental na identificação de clones invasivos. Apesar da susceptibilidade à penicilina, a DSI cursa com morbilidade elevada, pelo que, o importante parece ser procurar novas formas de tratar o doente e não o agente.