Um Novo Factor de Risco para Endocardite Infecciosa

A implantação de piercings corporais tem sido uma prática cada vez mais comum nas últimas décadas, sobretudo entre os mais jovens. No entanto, não se trata de um procedimento inócuo, podendo apresentar complicações tão graves como a endocardite infecciosa, que pode surgir em indivíduos com ou sem cardiopatia de base. Neste artigo relatamos o caso de uma endocardite pós piercing numa jovem com pacemaker definitivo, tendo havido necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica. Fazemos igualmente uma revisão dos casos de endocardite pós piercing descritos na literatura. Agora que as recomendações da American Heart Association para a profilaxia de endocardite infecciosa estão mais restritas, discutimos a necessidade de inclusão dos piercings corporais nos procedimentos a merecerem terapêutica profiláctica nos indivíduos de alto risco.

Decreased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression in Focal Segmental Glomeruloesclerosis Lesions of Patients Under Sirolimus

Background: Proteinuria (PT) with SRL appears not only after conversion from a calcineurin inhibitor (CI), but also in de novo patients. The PT may be related to a hemodynamic effect of CI withdrawal or to a direct effect of SRL in glomerulus (GL). Recently an association between PT in SRL patients and FSGS lesions has been described. It is also known that SRL decrease VEGF synthesis and experimental data suggest that VEGF is essential to podocyte survival and differentiation. Aim: To determine if glomerular lesions and PT in SRL patients could be related to altered glomerular VEGF expression. Material and methods: We evaluated glomerular VEGF expression in 10 biopsies: A-allograft kidney in backtable (n=3); B-native normal kidney (n=1); C-native kidney with FSGS lesions (n=2); D-allograft kidney with FSGS lesions from proteinuric patients under SRL after conversion from CI (n=3); E-allograft kidney in proteinuric patient under SRL with a membranous glomerulonephritis (n=1). We employed indirect immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded sections using a mouse monoclonal antibody against human VEGF-C1 (Santa Cruz). Results: The controls biopsies (A; B) showed normal global VEGF expression, with strong podocyte staining. The VEGF expression in the group C was similar to the controls, although no FSGS lesions were observed in the stained GL. The group D showed normal VEGF expression in the apparently normal GL, hypertrophied podocytes with reduction of VEGF in anomalous GL, and no staining in slcerotic lesions. We observed a gradual reduction of VEGF expression with progressive dedifferentiation of podocytes. In the group E the VEGF was globally reduced, with some hypertrophied podocytes expressing decreased VEGF. Conclusion: We confirmed the diminished VEGF expression in injured podocytes of SRL patients.This decreased expression may result from a direct effect of SRL and precede the appearance of FSGS lesions and PT. Further studies are needed with greater number of cases and controls, including early biopsies of patients under SRL.

De Novo Hypertension and Decline of Renal Function in a Young Woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy and lupus nephritis have similar clinical and laboratory manifestations and achieving the accuracy of diagnosis required for correct treatment frequently necessitates a kidney biopsy. We report the case of a 29-year-old woman referred to the nephrology service for de novo hypertension, decline of renal function and proteinuria. She had had systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome since the age of 21 and was taking oral anticoagulation. Two weeks later, after treatment of hypertension and achievement of adequate coagulation parameters, a percutaneous renal biopsy was performed. The biopsy revealed chronic lesions of focal cortical atrophy, arterial fibrous intimal hyperplasia and arterial thromboses, which are typical features of antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy. We describe the clinical manifestations and histopathology of antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy and review the literature on renal biopsy in patients receiving anticoagulation.

Síndrome Nefrótico: O Que Há de Novo Desde o Levantamento de 1988

Os autores fazem a análise retrospectiva dos 53 novos casos de Síndrome Nefrótico (S,N.) seguidos na Consulta de Nefrologia, de Novembro de 1988 a Marçoo de 1994, com o objectivo de avaliar alterações do padrão da doença em relação ao estudo feito anteriormente,em 1988. Foram estudados aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, terapêuticos e evolutivos. Identificaram-se 44 casos de S,N. primário (83%) - dos quais 61,4% comportaram-se como cortico-sensíveis, 25% como cortico-dependentes e 13,6% como cortico-resistentes. Com S.N. secundário a infecção (8 casos -15%), Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico (L.E.S.) e Amiloidose e 1 caso de S.N, congénito (2%). O elevado numero de cortico-dependemes atribui-se a um maior rigor no diagnóstico da recaida e/ou a alterações do padrão de vida das crianças. Verificou-se também um reduzido número de altas, relacionado com atitudes mais prudentes que se vêm adoptando em relação à evolução da doença.

Contracepção de Emergência: o que há de Novo?

A Contracepção de Emergência é um método simples, seguro e não-abortivo de evitar gravidezes não desejadas. O desconhecimento dos métodos disponíveis compromete a difusão do seu uso e reduz as suas potencialidades na melhoria da Saúde Reprodutiva. Em Portugal estão disponíveis métodos hormonais (método de Yuzpe e pílula de Levonorgestrel) e o DIU de cobre. A pílula de Levonorgestrel impõe-se sobre o método de Yuzpe por ser mais eficaz (até 98,9%), apresentar consideravelmente menores efeitos secundários (redução superior a 50% da ocorrência de náuseas e vómitos) e por ser cómodo (administrável em toma única). Estudos recentes demonstraram que ambos os métodos hormonais podem ser usados até 120 horas após relações sexuais (RS) não protegidas com eficácia, embora esta pareça ser maior quanto maior a precocidade da toma, o DIU de cobre é o método de eleição para a CE que se inicia 72 horas após RS não protegidas.

Identification of de Novo Germline Mutations in the HRPT2 Gene in Two Apparently Sporadic Cases with Challenging Parathyroid Tumor Diagnoses

The diagnosis of parathyroid carcinomas is often difficult. HRPT2 mutations have been identified in familial [hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome] and sporadic parathyroid carcinomas, supporting that HRPT2 mutations may confer a malignant potential to parathyroid tumors. In this study, we report the clinical, histopathological, and genetic investigation of two unrelated cases, whom had apparently sporadic malignant parathyroid tumors, initially diagnosed as adenomas. In one case, the differential diagnosis was complicated by cervical seeding of parathyroid tumor cells. Genetic studies identified de novo HRPT2 germline mutations in cases 1 (c.518_521delTGTC [p.Ser174LysfsX27]) and 2 (c.226 C > T [p.Arg76X]), unveiling the hereditary HPT-JT syndrome in both patients. Furthermore, the identification of somatic mutations in the patients‟ parathyroid tumors provided evidence for complete inactivation of the HRPT2 gene, which was consistent with the tumor malignant features. The sensitivity of parafibromin immunostaining to detect HRPT2 mutations was limited. The present data suggests that patients with apparently sporadic parathyroid carcinomas, or parathyroid tumors with atypical histological features, should undergo molecular genetic testing, as it may detect germline HRPT2 mutations. Establishing the diagnosis of hereditary HPT-JT syndrome is relevant for clinical counseling and management of the carriers and their relatives.