The Risks of Self - Medication: Case Report of Familial Misuse of AM3 (Immunoferon®)

Over the last decades extended medical knowledge has been an important health care benefit in terms of disease prevention and management. However, probably with no exception, most pharmaceutical products are not devoid of adverse consequences. Immunomodulators are commonly considered a “benign” drug whose advantages bypass consequences. The immunomodulator AM3 (Immunoferon®) is a clinically used, orally administered compound whose active principle is stabilised in an inorganic matrix of calcium. We report the misuse of AM3 in three members of a family; father and two children. The drug was prescribed to the father who subsequently administered it to the children without seeking medical advice. Two months later, all subjects developed abdominal and/or flank colicky pain. Hypercalciuria was diagnosed in the children with different degrees of severity. It is likely that the calcium content of the inorganic matrix played an important role in the onset of symptoms. No adverse side effects related to the inorganic matrix of calcium of immunoferon® have been documented so far. This family case report calls attention to the risks of self -medication in a susceptible family. Paediatric patients are vulnerable as they rely on adults for the supply of medications. Concerning the use of drugs in family, especially nonprescription drugs, the quality of health care provided to the children depends on the health literacy of their parents.

EULAR Recommendations for Women's Health and the Management of Family Planning, Assisted Reproduction, Pregnancy and Menopause in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and/or Antiphospholipid Syndrome

OBJECTIVES: Develop recommendations for women's health issues and family planning in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). METHODS: Systematic review of evidence followed by modified Delphi method to compile questions, elicit expert opinions and reach consensus. RESULTS: Family planning should be discussed as early as possible after diagnosis. Most women can have successful pregnancies and measures can be taken to reduce the risks of adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Risk stratification includes disease activity, autoantibody profile, previous vascular and pregnancy morbidity, hypertension and the use of drugs (emphasis on benefits from hydroxychloroquine and antiplatelets/anticoagulants). Hormonal contraception and menopause replacement therapy can be used in patients with stable/inactive disease and low risk of thrombosis. Fertility preservation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues should be considered prior to the use of alkylating agents. Assisted reproduction techniques can be safely used in patients with stable/inactive disease; patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies/APS should receive anticoagulation and/or low-dose aspirin. Assessment of disease activity, renal function and serological markers is important for diagnosing disease flares and monitoring for obstetrical adverse outcomes. Fetal monitoring includes Doppler ultrasonography and fetal biometry, particularly in the third trimester, to screen for placental insufficiency and small for gestational age fetuses. Screening for gynaecological malignancies is similar to the general population, with increased vigilance for cervical premalignant lesions if exposed to immunosuppressive drugs. Human papillomavirus immunisation can be used in women with stable/inactive disease. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations for women's health issues in SLE and/or APS were developed using an evidence-based approach followed by expert consensus.

Impacto da Combinação de Terapêutica Farmacológica na Mortalidade em Doentes com Síndrome Coronária Aguda

INTRODUCTION: Conventional risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction is usually based on the extent of myocardial damage and its clinical consequences. However, nowadays, more aggressive therapeutic strategies are used, both pharmacological and invasive, with the aim of changing the course of the disease. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether the number of drugs administered can influence survival of these patients, based on recent clinical trials that demonstrated the benefit of each drug for survival after acute coronary events. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 368 consecutive patients admitted to our ICU during 2002 for acute coronary syndrome. A score from 1 to 4 was attributed to each patient according to the number of secondary prevention drugs administered--antiplatelets, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins--independently of the type of association. We evaluated mortality at 30-day follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age was 65 +/- 13 years, 68% were male, and 43% had ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Thirty-day mortality for score 1 to 4 was 36.8%, 15.6%, 7.8% and 2.5% respectively (p < 0.001). The use of only one or two drugs resulted in a significant increase in the risk of death at 30 days (OR 4.10, 95% CI 1.69-9.93, p = 0.002), when corrected for other variables. There was a 77% risk reduction associated with the use of three or four vs. one or two drugs. The other independent predictors of death were diabetes, Killip class on admission and renal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a greater number of secondary prevention drugs in patients with acute coronary syndromes was associated with improved survival. A score of 4 was a powerful predictor of mortality at 30-day follow-up

Osteoporosis in Paediatric Patients with Spina Bifida

The prevalence andmorbidity associated with osteoporosis and fractures in patients with spina bifida (SB) highlight the importance of osteoporosis prevention and treatment in early childhood; however, the issue has received little attention. The method for the selection of appropriate patients for drug treatment has not been clarified. Objective: To review the literature concerning fracture risks and low bone density in paediatric patients with SB. We looked for studies describing state-of-the-art treatments and for prevention of secondary osteoporosis. Methods: Articles were identified through a search in the electronic database (PUBMED) supplemented with reviews of the reference lists of selected papers. The main outcome measures were incidence of fractures and risk factors for fracture, an association between bone mineral density (BMD) and occurrence of fracture, risk factors of low BMD, and effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments on BMD and on the incidence of fractures. We considered as a secondary outcome the occurrence of fractures in relation to the mechanism of injury. Results: Results indicated that patients with SB are at increased risk for fractures and low BMD. Risk factors that may predispose patients to fractures include higher levels of neurological involvement, non-ambulatory status, physical inactivity, hypercalciuria, higher body fat levels, contractures, and a previous spontaneous fracture. Limitations were observed in the number and quality of studies concerning osteoporosis prevention and treatment in paediatric patients with SB. The safety and efficiency of drugs to treat osteoporosis in adults have not been evaluated satisfactorily in children with SB.

Uso (ou Abuso) de Fármacos na Idade Pediátrica

Introdução e Objectivos: A exposição a fármacos na idade pediátrica pode ser nociva. A utilização elevada de medicamentos não aprovados em Pediatria, bem como o uso para sintomas em que a sua eficácia não foi comprovada, tem sido descrita de forma preocupante. Foi objectivo deste estudo avaliar o padrão de consumo de fármacos numa população pediátrica portuguesa. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com recrutamento prospectivo dos casos e amostra de conveniência; recolha de dados por inquérito; incluídas crianças, sem doença crónica, que recorreram ao serviço de urgência de um hospital na área da Grande Lisboa, num período de dois meses. Resultados: Foram incluídas 189 crianças com idade média de 5,8 anos. A proporção de crianças com consumo de fármacos, nos trêsmeses precedentes, foi de 120/189 (63,5%) – superior entre os seis e 24 meses (74%vs 58,5%; p=0,038).Os fármacos mais prescritos foram os analgésicos/antipiréticos e anti-inflamatórios (83/202, 41,1%), os antibióticos (52/202, 25,8%) e os anti-histamínicos (14/202, 7%). Em 96/202 casos (47,5%) eram medicamentos não sujeitos a receita médica e em 33/174 (19,1%) “automedicações”. Verificou-se utilização de anti-histamínicos, expectorantes, analgésicos e anti-inflamatórios não recomendados para a faixa etária. O consumo de antibióticos foi mais elevado entre os seis e 24 meses (36%vs 18,5%; p=0,012), com predomínio da associação amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (21/52, 40,4%). Em seis casos foram relatados possíveis efeitos secundários. Conclusões: De acordo com o nosso conhecimento este é o primeiro estudo em Portugal a avaliar o padrão de utilização de fármacos em Pediatria. Este consumo foi elevado, sobretudo na infância precoce, evidenciando a necessidade de vigilância e regulamentação adequadas. Os medicamentos não sujeitos a receita médica, amplamente utilizados, poderão associar-se a riscos acrescidos, pela facilidade no seu acesso. O uso frequente de antibióticos, sobretudo de largo espectro, poderá vir a associar-se ao desenvolvimento de resistências.

Gravidez e Amamentação. Efeitos Secundários dos Fármacos Usados no Tratamento das Doenças da Tiróide, Sobre o Feto e o Recém-Nascido

Os autores referem os efeitos secundários, sobre o feto e o recém-nascido, dos antitiroideus de síntese, dos bloqueadores ß, dos iodetos, do iodoradiactivo(131I), carbonato de lítio e tiroxina. Os fármacos mais frequentemente utilizados são os antitiroideus de síntese e a tiroxina. Os riscos dos antitiroideus estão relacionados com o facto de atravessarem a barreira placentar e poderem provocar bócio e hipotiroidismo fetais. As hormonas tiroideias maternas, que atravessam a placenta, são muito importantes para o normal desenvolvimento neuronal de feto durante o primeiro trimestre.