Pesquisa de Sequências do Cromossoma Y em Indivíduos com Síndroma de Turner

O síndroma de Turner (TS) tem sido descrito em associação com diversas anomalias dos cromossomas sexuais. Embora a maioria dos individuos com TS não apresentem evidência citogenética de sequências do cromossoma Y, diferentes autores consideram que algumas doentes com TS podem possuir uma linha celular minoritária contendo material do cromossoma Y, que não é detectada pela análise citogenética convencional. A identificação de moisacismos minoritários ou subrepresentados contendo o cromossoma Y é de importância fundamental em termos clínicos devido ao risco aumentado que estas doentes possuem para desenvolvimento de gonadoblastoma. No presente estudo procedeu-se à análise citogenética convencional de linfócitos de sangue periférico obtidos de 22 doentes com TS. Destas doentes, doze possuíam cariotipo 45,X, em sete foram detectados mosaicos com ou sem anomalias estruturais do cromossoma X e nas restantes três foram identificados os seguintes cariotipos: 46,X,i (X)(q10); 46,X,+mar/47,X,idic(Y),+mar e 45,X/46,X,+r. Os estudos moleculares foram realizados em DNA genómico obtido a partir de linfócitos de sangue periférico e de células de mucosa bucal, dois tecidos que derivam de folhetos embrionários diferentes, respectivamente, mesoderme e ectoderme. A pesquisa de moisacismos minoritários envolvendo o cromossoma Y foi efectuada por PCR simples e PCR nested para os seguintes loci específicos do cromossoma Y: SRY (sex determining region Y), TSPY (testis specific protein Y encoded), DYZ3 (locus centromérico) e DAZ1 (deleted in azoospermia). O uso de STSs localizados nos braços curto e longo do cromossoma Y permitiu a caracterização de um idic (Y)e de um cromossoma em anel, detectados em duas das doentes estudadas. A eleveda sensibilidade da PCR nested (1 célila masculina/125 000 células femininas) permitiu excluir a presença de moisacismos minoritários do Y em 20 das 22 doentes com TS. Na doente com um idic(Y) a análise por PCR simples foi posistiva para todos os loci estudados com excepção da região heterocromática. Este resultado permitiu identificar o ponto de quebra no braço longo entre sY158 e sY159, tendo-se confirmado por hibridação in situ de fluorescência (FISH), a duplicação da eurocromatina do braço longo, centrómero e braço curto do cromossoma Y. A caracterização do cromossoma em anel, detectado num das doentes com TS só foi possível por FISH e por PCR. Neste cromossoma, derivado de Y, foi detectada, no braço curto, a delecção da região pseudoautossómica 1 (PARY1)e, no braço longo, a delecção dos intervalos 6 e 7. Contudo, o referido cromossoma foi positivo para os loci SRY, RPS4Y, AMGY, TSPY localizados no braço curto, DYZ3 (centrómero) e, sY85, DFFRY, GY6, sY87, sY113, sY119, sY122, sY126 e RBMY1 localizados no braço longo do cromossoma Y. Este estudo permitiu, assim, excluir a presença de moisacismos minoritários do cromossoma Y em dois tecidos obtidos de 20 doentes com TS, e caracterizar por FISH e análise molecular, um idic(Y) e um cromossoma em anel, em que a natureza deste último não tinha sido identificada por análise citogenética convencional. O risco elevado de desenvolvimento de gonadoblastoma nos indivíduos com TS que possuem sequências do cromossoma Y justifica a aplicação de FISH e PCR para a caracterização de cromossomas marcadores e a utilização de PCR nested para a detecção de moisacismos minoritários do Y sempre que o material deste cromossoma não seja detectado pela análise citogenética convencional em doentes com cariotipo 45,X e/ou virilização.

Upper Eyelid Reconstruction With a Horizontal V-Y Myotarsocutaneous Advancement Flap

Upper eyelid tumours, particularly basal cell carcinomas, are relatively frequent. Surgical ablation of these lesions creates defects of variable complexity. Although several options are available for lower eyelid reconstruction, fewer surgical alternatives exist for upper eyelid reconstruction. Large defects of this region are usually reconstructed with two-step procedures. In 1997, Okada et al. described a horizontal V-Y myotarsocutaneous advancement flap for reconstruction of a large upper eyelid defect in a single operative time. However, no further studies were published regarding the use of this particular flap in upper eyelid reconstruction. In addition, this flap is not described in most plastic surgery textbooks. The authors report here their experience of 16 cases of horizontal V-Y myotarsocutaneous advancement flaps used to reconstruct full-thickness defects of the upper eyelid after tumour excision. The tumour histological types were as follows: 12 basal cell carcinomas, 2 cases of squamous cell carcinomas, 1 case of sebaceous cell carcinoma and 1 of malignant melanoma. This technique allowed closure of defects of up to 60% of the eyelid width. None of the flaps suffered necrosis. The mean operative time was 30 min. No additional procedures were necessary as good functional and cosmetic results were achieved in all cases. No recurrences were noted. In this series, the horizontal V-Y myotarsocutaneous advancement flap proved to be a technically simple, reliable and expeditious option for reconstruction of full-thickness upper eyelid defects (as wide as 60% of the eyelid width) in a single operative procedure. In the future this technique may become the preferential option for such defects.

One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass versus Roux en Y Gastric Bypass as Salvage Technique after Failed Gastric Band: a Retrospective Analysis of 80 Cases

The classical “Roux en Y Gastric Bypass” (RYGBP) is still the standard technique between all the ones being used nowadays. The “One anastomosis gastric bypass” (OAGBP), is an evolution of the “Minigastic bypass” described by Robert Rutledge in 2001, is a well known and progressively frequent but still controversial technique. In our group, after an experience of 10 years using the RYGBP as a salvage surgery after failed gastric banding, in 132 cases, we decided to adopt the OAGBP as our preferential bariatric technique also in this situation. The theoretical main reasons for that shift are related to the increased safety, maximized weight loss, long term weight loss maintenance and reversibility of the operation. Method: Retrospectively we evaluated data of the surgical management of revisional cases for conversion, after failed or complicated gastric bands to gastric bypass. We selected the last 40 cases of each technique since May 2010. Results: All cases were performed by laparoscopy without any conversion. In both groups the conversion has been performed in one single step (17 cases, 42,5%). Data showed lower morbidity with OAGBP (2,5% against 7,5%) and better weight loss in theOAGBP cohort after a median follow up of 16months (67%against 55%) in patients revised after gastric band failure or complications. None had statistic significance (p>0,1) by the chi-square contingency table analysis.Conclusion: It seems to there is a difference in favour of OAGBP for conversion of complicated gastric bands. In this study we didn’t found statistic significance probably because of the short numbers. Prospective and more powerful studies are necessary to evaluate the benefit of the studied procedure.

Variant Rett Syndrome in a Girl with a Pericentric X-Chromosome Inversion Leading to Epigenetic Changes and Overexpression of the MECP2 Gene

Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene. We investigated the genetic basis of disease in a female patient with a Rett-like clinical. Karyotype analysis revealed a pericentric inversion in the X chromosome -46,X,inv(X)(p22.1q28), with breakpoints in the cytobands where the MECP2 and CDKL5 genes are located. FISH analysis revealed that the MECP2 gene is not dislocated by the inversion. However, and in spite of a balanced pattern of X inactivation, this patient displayed hypomethylation and an overexpression of the MECP2 gene at the mRNA level in the lymphocytes (mean fold change: 2.55±0.38) in comparison to a group of control individuals; the expression of the CDKL5 gene was similar to that of controls (mean fold change: 0.98±0.10). No gains or losses were detected in the breakpoint regions encompassing known or suspected transcription regulatory elements. We propose that the de-regulation of MECP2 expression in this patient may be due to alterations in long-range genomic interactions caused by the inversion and hypothesize that this type of epigenetic de-regulation of the MECP2 may be present in other RTT-like patients.