Use of Distress and Depression Thermometers to Measure Psychosocial Morbidity Among Southern European Cancer Patients

GOALS OF WORK: Recent literature has indicated the need for rapid evaluation of psychosocial issues secondary to cancer. Because of the problems of routine use of psychometric instruments, short instruments such as visual analogue scales or one-item 0-10 scales have been developed as valid assessment alternatives. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A study was conducted to examine the role of two 0-10 scales in measuring emotional stress (distress thermometer, DT) and depressed mood (mood thermometer, MT), respectively, in a multicenter study carried out in southern European countries (Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland). A convenience sample of 312 cancer outpatients completed the DT and MT and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). MAIN RESULTS: DT was more significantly associated HADS anxiety than HADS depression while MT was related both to HADS anxiety and depression. The correlation of MT with HADS was higher than DT. A cutoff point >4 on the DT maximized sensitivity (65%) and specificity (79%) for general psychosocial morbidity while a cutoff >5 identified more severe "caseness" (sensitivity=70%; specificity=73%). On the MT, sensitivity and specificity for general psychosocial morbidity were 85% and 72% by using the cutoff score >3. A score >4 on the MT was associated with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 77% in detecting more severe caseness. CONCLUSIONS: Two simple instruments, the DT and the MT, were found to have acceptable levels of sensitivity and specificity in detecting psychosocial morbidity. Compared to the HADS, however, the mood MT performed better than the DT.

Células Endoteliais e Recuperação Visual

Na revisão bibliográfica encontramos perdas de céluas endoteliais que vão dos 4 aos 25%. Os vários estudos comparam EEC com e sem OVD, EEC e facoemulsificação, cataratas de diferente "dureza", entre outras variáveis. Também a idade, a ruptura do saco ou a perda de vítreo influenciavam estes resultados. As novas tecnologias para facoemulsificação como a peça de mão Ozil torsional que como o nome indica tem a capacidade de movimento torsional lateral (que desbasta a catarata além do movimento longitudinal da peça de mão convencional que emulsifica) torna os gestos cirúrgicos mais eficazes e seguros, reduzindo o traumatismo endotelial. Os AA fizeram um estudo prospectivo em que distribuíram 40 olhos de forma aleatória em dois grupos: 20 olhos foram operados por faco torsional e as restantes 20 cataratas foram operadas por faco convencional. Neste estudo comparativo entre faco torsional e convencional, o primeiro necessitou de menos ultrasons (0,048 versus 0,083), obteve uma acuidade visual média ligeiramente melhor (0,63 versus 0,54) e menor perda celular endotelial (3% versus 6,9%), no 1º dia de pós-operatório. Como se sabe, são múltiplos os factores que influenciam o resultado cirúrgico: o local e tamanho da incisão, a composição das soluções salinas, os dispositivos visco-elásticos, os produtos potencialmente tóxicos aplicados intra-operatoriamente, o tempo de cirurgia, a dureza da catarata, além das técnicas cirúrgicas e dos aparelhos utilizados.

Do Spirituality and Faith Make a Difference? Report from the Southern European Psycho-Oncology Study Group

OBJECTIVE: In the last decade, some attention has been given to spirituality and faith and their role in cancer patients' coping. Few data are available about spirituality among cancer patients in Southern European countries, which have a big tradition of spirituality, namely, the Catholic religion. As part of a more general investigation (Southern European Psycho-Oncology Study--SEPOS), the aim of this study was to examine the effect of spirituality in molding psychosocial implications in Southern European cancer patients. METHOD: A convenience sample of 323 outpatients with a diagnosis of cancer between 6 to 18 months, a good performance status (Karnofsky Performance Status > 80), and no cognitive deficits or central nervous system (CNS) involvement by disease were approached in university and affiliated cancer centers in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Switzerland (Italian speaking area). Each patient was evaluated for spirituality (Visual Analog Scale 0-10), psychological morbidity (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale--HADS), coping strategies (Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer--Mini-MAC) and concerns about illness (Cancer Worries Inventory--CWI). RESULTS. The majority of patients (79.3%) referred to being supported by their spirituality/faith throughout their illness. Significant differences were found between the spirituality and non-spirituality groups (p ≤ 0.01) in terms of education, coping styles, and psychological morbidity. Spirituality was significantly correlated with fighting spirit (r = -0.27), fatalism (r = 0.50), and avoidance (r = 0.23) coping styles and negatively correlated with education (r = -0.25), depression (r = -0.22) and HAD total (r = -0.17). SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Spirituality is frequent among Southern European cancer patients with lower education and seems to play some protective role towards psychological morbidity, specifically depression. Further studies should examine this trend in Southern European cancer patients.

Avaliação da Estereopsia em Crianças sob Terapêutica Oclusiva por Ambliopia e Relação desta com a Acuidade Visual

Introdução: A ambliopia é a principal causa de diminuição da acuidade visual em crianças. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoces são fundamentais para o sucesso terapêutico. A oclusão continua a ser o tratamento mais utilizado nesta patologia. Objectivos: Este estudo teve como objectivo a avaliação da estereopsia em crianças com ambliopia sob terapêutica oclusiva e a sua relação com a acuidade visual. Material e Métodos: Estudo prospectivo que incluiu 35 crianças com ambliopia, por anisometropia, estrabismo ou ambos, a fazer terapêutica oclusiva. Em cada consulta foi avaliada a melhor acuidade visual corrigida (MAVC) e a estereopsia para perto. Resultados: A idade média no início do estudo era de 6,17 anos (intervalo 3-9 anos) e o seguimento médio foi de 17 meses (intervalo 6-24 meses). Após tratamento com oclusão houve uma melhoria da MAVC média de 0,5 para 0,84 (p<0,001) e da estereopsia para perto de 1148 para 415 segundos de arco (p<0,001). Observou-se uma correlação linear significativa entre a melhoria da AV e da estereopsia (0,001visual está relacionada com uma melhoria da estereopsia.

Hopelessness and Related Variables among Cancer Patients in the Southern European Psycho-Oncology Study (SEPOS).

BACKGROUND: Although hopelessness has been studied in cancer, no data are available in non-English-speaking countries. OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to amass data from Southern European countries (Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland) in order to fill this void. METHOD: A group of 312 cancer patients completed the Mini-MAC Hopelessness subscale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Cancer Worry Inventory (CWI), and a six-item Visual Analog scale (VAS) to measure intensity of physical symptoms, general well-being, difficulty in coping with cancer, intensity of social support from close relationships, leisure activity, and support from religious beliefs. RESULTS: Regression analysis indicated that HADS-Depression, VAS Maladaptive Coping and Well-Being, and the CWI explained 42% of the variance. CONCLUSION: Hopelessness in cancer patients seems not exclusively to correspond to depression, but is related to various other psychosocial factors, such as maladaptive coping, as well.

Bull's Eye Maculopathy in a Patient Treated with Efavirenz

Objective: To report a case of retinal toxicity associated with efavirenz in an adult. Methods: We describe a case of gradual-onset blurry vision in both eyes in a 37-year-old HIV Caucasian woman, on antiretroviral therapy (ART), including efavirenz. Results: The patient presented with a best corrected visual acuity of 20/100 for the right eye (RE) and 20/125 for the left eye (LE). Fundoscopy revealed mottled atrophic changes of the macular retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in both eyes. Fluorescein angiography revealed an annular pattern of RPE atrophy in both eyes. Full-field electretinography (ERG) was normal. Conclusions: Based on our patient’s history and on previous reports, efavirenz seems to be the culprit in this case. Our report provides evidence in support of routine ophthalmological evaluation of patients on efavirenz.

The Support Role in Clinical Supervision of Nursing Students: Determinant in the Development of Emotional Skills

The problematic situation faced by clients, associated to the processes of health and disease, is expressed through emotions that nursing students have to deal with in the course of care and their formative experiences in clinical teaching. Students have learning needs not only to manage emotions in the context of customer care, but also in terms of their own internal world, emotional conflicts, emotional stress and burn-out. With the present literature review, we intend to explore existing evidence regarding the ways in which the nurse supervisor's support towards nursing students potentiates the development of their competences for the performance of emotional labour. These skills prove to be the key in the ability to manage the emotionally intense situations of care practice and the support function of the nursing supervisor contributes to the development of such competences.