Avaliação da Imunidade para Infecções de Transmissão Vertical na População de Mulheres da Maternidade

Introdução: O rastreio sistemático para infecções de transmissão vertical durante a gravidez permite melhorar o prognóstico e o seguimento dos doentes eventualmente afectados e facilita o raciocínio do pediatra ou neonatologista. Objectivo: Avaliar a imunidade materna e a evolução nos últimos anos e a estudar a influência da idade e da nacionalidade no estado imunológico para estas doenças. Métodos e doentes: Estudo não probabilístico de prevalência de imunidade e infecção durante a gravidez. Dados obtidos dos processos clínicos dos recém-nascidos da Maternidade do Hospital (Abril, 2004-Diciembro, 2009). Resultados: Em 3162 mulheres recolheram-se 9508 resultados de serología 2639 resultados de rastreio para Streptococcus do grupo B (SGB). A taxa de imunidade para rubéola foi 93,3%, significativamente mais elevada em mães portuguesas e também mais elevada que no período 1988-95; para a toxoplasmosis foi 25,7%, superior nos grupos de mães com mais idade e entre estrangeiras e mais baixa que no período 1988-95; foi encontrada IgG positiva para virus citomegálico humano (CMV) em 62,4% das mulheres. No período 1988-95 era de 85%. As provas não treponémicas foram positivas em 0,5%. O AgHBs foi identificado em 2,3%, com taxa mais elevada entre as estrangeiras. Os anticorpos para o vírus da hepatite C e para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana foram encontrados respectivamente em 1,4% e 2,8% das mulheres rastreadas. Não forma diagnosticados casos de infecção congénita. A taxa de seroconversão para a Toxoplasmose diminuiu de 1988 para o período em estudo. O rastreio para o SGB revelou que 13,9% das mulheres eram portadoras. Conclusão: Em vinte e cinco anos foi possível identificar uma mudança importante na seroprevalência e taxa de seroconversão de algumas doenças infecciosas de transmissão vertical durante a gravidez.

Perinatal Bacterial Infection: Screenning of Vertical Transmitted Infections

Perinatal bacterial infection may be caused by any microorganism colonizing the vaginal tract. Neonatologists and paediatricians are especially concerned about group B Stretpococcus (GBS). However, Enterobactereacea, mainly E.coli and Proteus, are also responsible for infection. GBS screening may be accomplished in over 90% of pregnant women. In our maternity in 2007-2008, 85% of the mothers had been screened. Screening and prophylaxis were responsible for a decreasing incidence of neonatal infection - from 0.6/1000 to 0.15/1000 live births in Portugal, from 2002 to 2007. However there are some difficulties related to screening. In the second Portuguese study 16/57 NB with early-onset infection (28%) were born to “negative” mothers. Several factors illustrate how difficult is to draw national screening policies: a wide range of carrier’s state rate throughout a country - in Portugal from 12% to 30%. The success of any screening policy may also be affected by additional technical and organizational problems. In countries where home delivery is a tradition or a trend intrapartum GBS prophylaxis requires a very well organized assistance.. Moreover factors usually accepted as protective are not so effective. In the Portuguese study 24/57 infected newborns (42%) were delivery by caesarean section. Another subject deals with the workload in the postnatal ward generated by deficient compliance to the guidelines a problem not confirm by a study of our group. Decreasing the importance of GBS, highlight the importance of E. coli in perinatal infection. From the 16 340 registrations of the National Registry 1676 were newborns with mother-related infection. Applying the same reasoning to E.coli as to GBS and Listeria monocytogenes – that is considering all of them are of maternal origin - 6.7% of these infections were due to E. coli, 4.6% to SGB and 0.5% to Listeria monocytogenes. In conclusion screening and prophylaxis may be not the best way to prevent all GBS neonatal infections but by now it is the only available procedure. The other bacteria continue to demand a high suspicion level and immediate intervention.

Livrem-me Desta Unha! Por Favor!

A unha encravada ou onicocriptose é uma situação frequente, com morbilidade considerável e prevalência nos grupos etários jovens. As criançãs são atingidas por esta patologia,havendo um predisponente anatómico, a que se adicionam na idade pré-adolesccnte, factores comportamentais.Foram tratadas cirurgicamente com matricectomia parcial por eletrocauterização(MPE), 47 doentes com onicocriptose de evolução arrastada em que os métodos conservadores não tinham resultado. A predominância do sexo masculino foi de 55,7%; a distribuição etária, dos 12 meses aos 15 anos, mostrou uma maior incidência no grupe acima dos oito anos (82,9%). O tempo de evolução do processo ou da última recidiva, variou de um mês a 10 anos. Onze doentes tinham sofrido intervenções cirúrgicas prévias, dos quais um com duas e outro com scis intervenções. Foram operados 69 dedos, com atingimento do 1º dedo do pé bilateral em 20 doentes; em dois destes um outro dedo que não o 1° também estava afectado. Em seis unhas exisria paquioníquia concomitante. Com um mínimo de oito meses de recuo, há a registar como cornplicações, o desenvolvimento de quelóide cicatricial no bordo do leito ungueal em um caso. Outro caso apresenta sinais iniciais de "encravamento" ungueal; apesar de as regras de cuidados locais não terem sida seguidas, a extensão transversal da matricectomia nao foi provávelmente a necessária de modo a resultar uma largura ungueal compatível com a do leito.

Optimal Cut-Off Value for Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) Index of Insulin-Resistance in a Population of Patients Admitted Electively in a Portuguese Cardiology Ward

INTRODUCTION: Insulin resistance is the pathophysiological key to explain metabolic syndrome. Although clearly useful, the Homeostasis Model Assessment index (an insulin resistance measurement) hasn't been systematically applied in clinical practice. One of the main reasons is the discrepancy in cut-off values reported in different populations. We sought to evaluate in a Portuguese population the ideal cut-off for Homeostasis Model Assessment index and assess its relationship with metabolic syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We selected a cohort of individuals admitted electively in a Cardiology ward with a BMI < 25 Kg/m2 and no abnormalities in glucose metabolism (fasting plasma glucose < 100 mg/dL and no diabetes). The 90th percentile of the Homeostasis Model Assessment index distribution was used to obtain the ideal cut-off for insulin resistance. We also selected a validation cohort of 300 individuals (no exclusion criteria applied). RESULTS: From 7 000 individuals, and after the exclusion criteria, there were left 1 784 individuals. The 90th percentile for Homeostasis Model Assessment index was 2.33. In the validation cohort, applying that cut-off, we have 49.3% of individuals with insulin resistance. However, only 69.9% of the metabolic syndrome patients had insulin resistance according to that cut-off. By ROC curve analysis, the ideal cut-off for metabolic syndrome is 2.41. Homeostasis Model Assessment index correlated with BMI (r = 0.371, p < 0.001) and is an independent predictor of the presence of metabolic syndrome (OR 19.4, 95% CI 6.6 - 57.2, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Our study showed that in a Portuguese population of patients admitted electively in a Cardiology ward, 2.33 is the Homeostasis Model Assessment index cut-off for insulin resistance and 2.41 for metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: Homeostasis Model Assessment index is directly correlated with BMI and is an independent predictor of metabolic syndrome.

The Impact of the Lisbon Football Derby on the Profile of Emergency Department Admissions

BACKGROUND: Variations in emergency department admissions have been reported to happen as a result of major sports events. The work presented assessed changes in volume and urgency level of visits to a major Emergency Department in Lisbon during and after the city's football derby. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Volume of attendances and patient urgency level, according to the Manchester Triage System, were retrospectively analyzed for the 2008-2011 period. Data regarding 24-hour periods starting 45 minutes before kick-off was collected, along with data from similar periods on the corresponding weekdays in the previous years, to be used as controls. Data samples were organized according to time frame (during and after the match), urgency level, and paired accordingly. RESULTS: A total of 14 relevant periods (7 match and 7 non-match) were analyzed, corresponding to a total of 5861 admissions. During the match time frame, a 20.6% reduction (p = 0.06) in the total number of attendances was found when compared to non-match days. MTS urgency level sub-analysis only showed a statistically significant reduction (26.5%; p = 0.05) in less urgent admissions (triage levels green-blue). Compared to controls, post-match time frames showed a global increase in admissions (5.6%; p = 0.45), significant only when considering less urgent ones (18.9%; p = 0.05). DISCUSSION: A decrease in the total number of emergency department attendances occurred during the matches, followed by a subsequent increase in the following hours. These variations only reached significance among visits triaged green-blue. CONCLUSION: During major sports events an overall decrease in emergency department admissions seems to take place, especially due to a drop in visits associated with less severe conditions.

Predição de Pré-Eclâmpsia no Primeiro Trimestre em Gravidezes de Baixo Risco: Determinação do Cut-Off numa Amostra da População Portuguesa

Objective:We aimed to identify the cut-off for risk of pre-eclampsia (PE) in Portuguese population by applying the first trimester prediction model from Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) in a prospective enrolled cohort of low risk pregnant women. Population and methods: A prospective cohort of low risk singleton pregnancies underwent routine first-trimester scree - ning from 2011 through 2013. Maternal characteristics, blood pressure, uterine artery Doppler, levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and free b-human chorionic gonadotropin were evaluated. The prediction of PE in first trimester was calculated through software Astraia, the outcome obtained from medical records and the cutoff value was subse quently calculated. Results:Of the 273 enrolled patients, 7 (2.6%) developed PE. In first trimester women who developed PE presented higher uterine arteries resistance, represented by higher values of lowest and mean uterine pulsatility index, p <0.005. There was no statistical significance among the remaining maternal characteristics, body mass index, blood pressure and PAPP-A. Using the FMF first trimester PE algorithm, an ideal cut-off of 0.045 (1/22) would correctly detect 71% women who developed PE for a 12% false positive rate and a likelihood ratio of 12.98 (area under the curve: 0.69; confidence interval 95%: 0.39-0.99). By applying the reported cutoff to our cohort, we would obtain 71.4% true positives, 88.3% true negatives, 11.4% false positives and 28.6% false negatives. Conclusion: By applying a first trimester PE prediction model to low risk pregnancies derived from a Portuguese population, a significant proportion of patients would have been predicted as high risk. New larger studies are required to confirm the present findings.