18 resultados para Vaso-occlusion
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CONTEXTO: A drepanocitose é uma anemia hemolítica hereditária com características pró-adesivas, pró-inflamatórias e pró-coagulantes, incluindo alterações na hemostase e activação da cascata da coagulação. PLANO DO ESTUDO: Neste estudo analisaram-se, em 140 drepanocíticos africanos e 126 indivíduos sem hemoglobina S também de origem africana, variantes genéticas polimórficas em quatro loci envolvidos na coagulação (F2 20210G>A e F5 R506Q), na fibrinólise (PAI-1 5G>4G), ou no metabolismo da homocisteína (MTHFR 677C>T). Estratificaram-se os pacientes em dois grupos de acordo com a ocorrência ou não de, pelo menos, uma complicação vaso-oclusiva (CVO) grave até à data da sua participação no estudo. RESULTADOS: Não se observou uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a ocorrência de uma CVO grave e a herança do alelo predisponente à trombose, 4G no locus PAI-1 ou 677T no locus MTHFR. Nenhum drepanocítico apresentava os alelos F2 20210A ou F5 506Q (factor V Leiden). Visando excluir a possibilidade de que genuínas diferenças inter-grupos fossem mascaradas pela presença de indivíduos mais jovens no grupo sem-CVO, dividiu-se este num sub-grupo de pacientes mais novos e num sub-grupo de pacientes cuja idade não diferia significativamente do grupo com-CVO grave. Mesmo assim, não foi encontrada associação significativa. No entanto, pode observar-se, no grupo de doentes com o alelo PAI-1 4G (cuja expressão resulta numa diminuição da actividade fibrinolítica), uma tendência (OR=1,6) para um risco acrescido de CVO. Esta tendência era ligeiramente maior (OR=2,1) se se considerasse apenas a CVO síndrome torácica aguda. CONCLUSÕES: O alelo 4G no promotor do PAI-1 poderá ser um factor de risco para CVO na drepanocitose, uma hipótese a testar numa série maior de doentes, idealmente oriunda de uma população homogénea e com alta prevalência de drepanocitose.
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Introdução: Existe alguma controvérsia respeitante ao tipo de revascularização a efectuar no contexto de angioplastia (PCI) primária no enfarte agudo do miocárdio (EAM). A presença de lesões coronárias adicionais, particularmente complexas, poderá ter impacto no prognóstico. Objectivos: Avaliar o prognóstico a médio-prazo (1 ano) face à presença de lesões adicionais complexas após PCI primária. População e Métodos: Estudaram-se retrospectivamente 138 doentes consecutivos admitidos na nossa Unidade por EAM com elevação do segmento ST e submetidos a PCI primária. Os doentes foram seguidos por um período de 1 ano e divididos em 2 grupos: sem lesões adicionais complexas (n=69, 61 ± 14 anos, 62% sexo masculino) e com lesões adicionais complexas (n=69, 65 ± 13 anos, 73% sexo masculino, p=NS). Avaliaram-se as características demográficas, factores de risco para doença coronária, história prévia cardíaca, e presença de sinais de insuficiência cardíaca na admissão. Foram também avaliadas características angiográficas, medicação efectuada e resultado da PCI. Avaliou-se o impacto das variáveis na ocorrência combinada de morte/re-enfarte/revascularização miocárdica ao primeiro ano. Resultados: A taxa de sucesso angiográfico foi de 96,4%. O grupo com idade igual ou superior a 75 anos representa 24% da população e 4,3% apresentaram-se em classe Killip IV. A localização anterior foi ligeiramente superior no grupo sem lesões adicionais complexas (60% vs. 44%, p=0,06), a inferior no grupo com lesões adicionais complexas (26% vs. 42%, p=0,07). A doença de 1 vaso foi mais prevalente no grupo sem lesões adicionais complexas como esperado (86% vs. 11%, p<0,001). A utilização de stent foi mais frequente no grupo sem lesões adicionais complexas (96% vs. 86%, p=0,08). Não houve diferenças nas restantes variáveis. A taxa de morte/re-enfarte/revascularização foi superior no grupo com lesões adicionais complexas (13% vs. 32%, p=0,014). Até aos 13 dias de seguimento, ocorreram 67% dos eventos. Na análise univariada, os factores predizentes de eventos foram a classe Killip 2, fluxo TIMI < 3 no vaso relacionado com enfarte após PCI, a não utilização de antagonistas da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa, bloqueadores beta e estatinas, doença multivaso e presença de lesões adicionais complexas (Log-rank, p=0,003). Na análise multivariável, os factores predizentes independentes de prognóstico a 1 ano foram a classe Killip 2 (Odds ratio 0,28%; IC 95% 0,08-0,93, p=0,037) e a presença de lesões adicionais complexas (OR 0,32; IC 95% 0,12-0,84, p=0,020). Conclusões: A presença de lesões adicionais complexas após PCI primária tem um pior prognóstico ao primeiro ano, sugerindo a necessidade de intervenção para a sua estabilização, particularmente nos primeiros 30 dias após enfarte.
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There is a body of evidence that supports the important role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in atherosclerotic disease and in the cardiovascular disease continuum: from endothelial dysfunction to vascular occlusion. In the earlier stages of vascular disease, the RAS promotes functional changes, of which endothelial dysfunction is the best example. The deposition of atherogenic lipoproteins in the intima, their oxidative modification and the onset and amplification of the inflammatory response strengthens the atherogenic role of the RAS. Inflammatory cells are one of the main sources of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in the vascular wall, in a process that leads to structural changes in the artery and progression of atherosclerotic disease. Ang II promotes the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and their phenotypic differentiation in synthesis that accelerates vascular disease. By modulating the inflammatory response and, in general, all the elements of the plaque, Ang II plays a part in its instability, in the onset of acute events and in the promotion of the local prothrombotic state that leads to infarction.
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Orbital myositis is a subgroup of the nonspecific inflammatory syndrome or orbital pseudotumor and is characterized by a primary inflammation of extraocular muscles. The authors describe a 70-year-old patient with acute proptosis, ocular pain and right ophthalmoplegia, whose orbital computed tomographic scan showed enlargement of the homolateral extraocular muscles. Clinical presentation and complementary tests were compatible with the diagnosis of orbital myositis however, because of the particular aspects, which included retinal central vein occlusion, optic nerve lesion, distension of the superior ophthalmic vein and the homolateral cavernous sinus, the differential diagnosis with cavernous sinus pathology and thyroid ophthalmopathy was considered. The importance of a rapid diagnosis and treatment is stressed.
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The thoracic outlet syndrome is a changeable clinical syndrome caused by compression of the neurovascular bundle of the upper extremity, within the cervicoaxillary channel. From April 1980 through May 1995, 24 patients with clinical thoracic outlet syndrome were evaluated by selective arteriography. The diagnosis was confirmed in seven patients, in 14 the exam was normal and in the last three cases another arterial pathology was detected--subclavian artery occlusion, subclavian artery kinking and vertebral steal syndrome. The authors' aim is to emphasize arteriography as a diagnostic exam for thoracic outlet syndrome, very useful in the detection and localization of arterial compression. It also allows the diagnosis of other arterial entities.
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BACKGROUND: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with the culprit lesion in the left main artery is a rare cardiac emergency with a poor prognosis. OBJECTIVE: Review and prognosis evaluation of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed in the setting of STEMI with left main occlusion in a single high-volume center. METHODS: Of the 483 primary or rescue PCIs performed and followed in our hospital during a 24-month period (August 2004 to July 2006), we retrospectively evaluated those involving left main procedures and analyzed in-hospital mortality and major cardiac events (MACE) in a 12-month follow-up. We found nine patients, age 68 +/- 9 years, five male, seven with multivessel disease and two with isolated left main disease. Rescue PCI was performed in three patients and primary PCI in the others. RESULTS: Seven patients presented in cardiogenic shock and two were classified in Killip class II on admission. Inotropic drugs, intra-aortic balloon pump and abciximab were used in eight patients. Drug-eluting stents were used in six patients, bare-metal stents in two, and isolated balloon angioplasty in one. Five patients (55%) died in the hospital and the four discharged home (two of them aged 81 and 82 years) were still alive and free from MACE at 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical presentation of STEMI with the culprit lesion in the left main artery was very severe. During PCI, drug-eluting stents, intra-aortic balloon pump and abciximab were used in almost all patients. This entity had a high mortality rate even though primary PCI was performed. Those who survived had a good mid-term prognosis.
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INTRODUCTION: The use of drug-eluting stents in the context of mechanical reperfusion following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) was initially viewed with concern. The main fear was that the drugs' action in unstable lesions could increase the risk of thrombotic stent occlusion. Furthermore, there was no evidence that the proven benefit of reduced instent restenosis could be extended to such patients, since they were excluded from the initial clinical trials. OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and long-term clinical outcomes of the use of drug-eluting stents in primary angioplasty. METHODS: The first 100 consecutive and non-selected patients admitted for MI and treated by primary angioplasty with drug-eluting stent implantation in the target lesion were analyzed retrospectively. The efficacy and safety of the procedure, in-hospital clinical evolution and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events in the first year were assessed. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 58.2 +/- 11.5 years, and 78 were male. The success rate of primary angioplasty was 99%. Stents coated with sirolimus were used in 67 patients, paclitaxel in 19 and dexamethasone in 16. In-hospital mortality was 3%. The follow-up rate at 12 months was 98%. During this period, the rate of target vessel revascularization was 1% (with no patient requiring target lesion revascularization), MI 2%, and overall mortality 3.9%. Fourteen patients had clinical indication for repeat coronary angiography, which showed no significant in-stent restenosis. One event was considered to be due to acute stent thrombosis. The incidence of major adverse events was 5.9%. CONCLUSION: The use of drug-eluting stents in MI patients undergoing primary mechanical revascularization is safe and is associated with a reduced incidence of major adverse events, thrombosis and clinical restenosis at one year.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency and severity of the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (ALCA) from the pulmonary artery (PA). DESIGN OF THE STUDY: Prospective study of case series between March 1991 and December 1994. SETTING: Referral-based Paediatric Cardiology Department of a Tertiary Care Center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five consecutive patients (pts) with anomalous origin of the LCA from the PA; there were three infants aged 4 months and two children one 8 year and one 9 year old. There were three girls and two boys. All pts had clinical and 2D-echo and Doppler investigation prior to cardiac catheterization (CC). Indication for CC was based in the association of symptoms and signs of myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy of acute or subacute onset and electrocardiographic (ECG) signs of ischemia in infants. In older patients (pts) diagnosis was suspected mainly from ECG. During CC in all pts, aortograms and when necessary selective coronary angiograms were performed. Surgical correction was performed in all children. In two pts stress exercise ECG and stress Thallium studies before and after surgery were performed. RESULTS: two pts had "adult" an three had "infantile" type of ALCA from the PA. CC was performed and diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in all cases. In one child, correct diagnosis was made by ECO prior to CC and in one case LCA to PA fistula was suspected on Colour-Doppler study. No complications were attributed to CC. Several types of surgery were performed: reimplantation of the ALCA from the PA to the aorta (three pts); tunnel connection of the aorta to the ALCA via the PA (one pt) and left internal mammary to LCA anastomosis (one pt). Two infants died intraoperatively due to extensive myocardial infarction and poor left ventricular function. All the three survivors are asymptomatic after a mean follow up of 34 months. Two oldest pts are currently in New York Heart Association functional class I with normal ECG and improved myocardial perfusion on Thallium scan despite almost total occlusion of LCA at the site of implantation in the aorta as diagnosed on coronary angiogram. CONCLUSIONS: ALCA from PA is associated with major morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis should be suspected in pts with unexplained myocardial ischemia on ECG and even more if it is associated to clinical signs of dilated cardiomyopathy or myocarditis. Careful assessment on ECO and pulsed Doppler and colour flow mapping should make the diagnosis in most cases. Although surgery can be performed based only on ECO diagnosis, we strongly advise for angiography in all cases as in our experience there are false negative diagnosis by ECO. Preoperative Thallium studies can be useful for the selection of the type of surgery as pts with very little viable myocardium will not survive the establishment of a direct systemic to coronary blood flow and may be candidates for heart transplantation.
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Actualmente a inflamação é considerada uma componente importante na aterosclerose, desde o seu início até à ruptura da placa seguida de trombose e da progressiva obstrução do vaso. A ruptura da cápsula fibrótica da placa expõe factores de tecido presentes no seu núcleo necrótico que induzem o processo inflamatório, promovendo a adesão celular e a coagulação e que conduzem à formação do trombo. Por seu turno, várias citocinas e moléculas de adesão celular contribuem activamente para o desenvolvimento da placa. Em particular a citocina TNF-a e a molécula de adesão intercelular (ICAM-1) poderão ser indicadoras de inflamação enquanto que as formas solúveis de P-selectina e de CD40 ligando (sCD40L) poderão dar a magnitude da activação plaquetária. Neste trabalho foram estudados 17 doentes com enfarte de miocárdio submetidos a angioplastia (grupo AMI) e 16 doentes com confirmação angiográfica de ausência de doença coronária. Os doentes do grupo AMI foram seguidos nas primeiras 24h de evolução do enfarte agudo de miocárdio antes da administração de medicação e da intervenção angiográfica e ao longo do período de recuperação, 2 e 40 dias após enfarte. Foram medidas no soro por imunoensaio as concentrações de TNF-a e das formas solúveis de CD40L, ICAM-1 e P-selectina. Foram observadas variações significativas de sP-selectina relativamente aos controlos. Imediatamente após o enfarte de miocárdio verificou-se um aumento de sP-selectina, seguido de uma descida brusca dos seus níveis às 48h, e de um incremento para valores idênticos aos observados no grupo de controlo ao 40º dia. As variações observadas nas concentrações de sCD40L não foram significativas relativamente aos controlos. No entanto, verificou-se uma tendência de diminuição da concentração até 48h após o enfarte de miocárdio, seguindo-se um aumento que atingiu valores ligeiramente superiores ao do grupo controlo no 40º dia. As concentrações de TNF-a medidas foram sistematicamente superiores às verificadas no grupo controlo, tendo-se ainda observado uma subida gradual desde o enfarte de miocárdio até ao 40º dia, sendo este incremento significativo. Os valores de sICAM-1 não apresentaram quaisquer variações após o enfarte nem relativamente ao grupo controlo. As variações observadas sugerem um papel importante destes marcadores no processo inflamatório e na evolução do enfarte de miocárdio. O aumento brusco da concentração de sP-selectina após o enfarte de miocárdio evidencia a activação plaquetária e trombose. Na evolução do enfarte, e à medida que as variáveis hemodinâmicas retornam a valores estáveis, devido à medicação aplicada, o aumento de sCD40L e TNF-a em circulação pode reflectir o papel destas moléculas na recuperação endotelial e do miocárdio.
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As complicações tromboembólicas são as mais frequentemente reportadas durante a terapêutica endovascular de aneurismas intracranianos com espiras metálicas. A frequência deste tipo de complicação varia na literatura, contudo autores referem uma incidência entre 2,5 e 28%. Diversos mecanismos poderão estar envolvidos na formação e migração do trombo: pode ser já preexistente no interior do aneurisma a tratar e deslocar-se para o vaso portador; pode formar-se de novo na superfície das espiras ou dos cateteres utilizados; ou ainda no eventual colo residual se o grau de oclusão não for completo. Estudos demonstraram maior incidência de complicações tromboembólicas em aneurismas de colo largo. Neste trabalho discutimos a importância e justificação de medidas utilizadas na prevenção de complicações tromboembólicas durante e após a terapêutica endovascular de aneurismas rotos intra-cranianos. Referem-se ainda as opções e estratégias a adoptar na eventualidade de uma oclusão vascular ser detectada durante o procedimento, como a administração de inibidores da glicoproteina IIb/IIIa ou mesmo a libertação de stents intra-cranianos. Diversos casos exemplificativos são exibidos. A prevenção de complicações tromboembólicas e a rápida actuação perante a oclusão vascular são essenciais para a melhoria do prognóstico dos doentes submetidos a terapêutica endovascular de aneurismas rotos. O conhecimento profundo das opções disponíveis é essencial para a persecução desse objectivo.
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As vasculites sistémicas constituem um grupo de doenças, pouco frequentes na infância, caracterizadas por inflamação e necrose vascular. A sua tradução clínica é heterogénea, condicionada pelo tipo de vaso e orgão afectados. Recentemente foi proposta uma classificação das vasculites em idade pediátrica, que tem em conta a dimensão dos vasos envolvidos, sendo também validados critérios de diagnóstico para os tipos mais frequentes em crianças. A presente revisão tem como objectivo abordar os tipos mais frequentes de vasculites na infância, suas manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e terapêutica.
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Purpose. To report a case of successful thrombolysis performed in a patient with an incidental unruptured intracranial aneurysm and review the literature. Case Report. Patient admitted for ischemic stroke due to left posterior cerebral artery occlusion, with an incidental right middle cerebral artery aneurysm, who underwent treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) resulting in clinical improvement without complications. Conclusion. The presence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms is considered as a contraindication to thrombolysis, due to a potentially higher hemorrhagic risk of aneurysm rupture. Patients, otherwise, eligible for thrombolysis are usually excluded from receiving this emergent treatment, despite its potential benefits. A reevaluation of the strict exclusion criteria for thrombolysis in acute stroke patients should be considered.
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The classic transvenous implantation of a permanent pacemaker in a pectoral location may be precluded by obstruction of venous access through the superior vena cava or recent infection at the implant site. When these barriers to the procedure are bilateral and there are also contraindications or technical difficulties to performing a thoracotomy for an epicardial approach, the femoral vein, although rarely used, can be a viable alternative. We describe the case of a patient with occlusion of both subclavian veins and a high risk for mini-thoracotomy or videothoracoscopy, who underwent implantation of a permanent single-chamber pacemaker via the right femoral vein.
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Atheroembolic renal disease, also referred to as cholesterol crystal embolization, is a rare cause of renal failure, secondary to occlusion of renal arteries, renal arterioles and glomerular capillaries with cholesterol crystals, originating from atheromatous plaques of the aorta and other major arteries. This disease can occur very rarely in kidney allografts in an early or a late clinical form. Renal biopsy seems to be a reliable diagnostic test and cholesterol clefts are the pathognomonic finding. However, the renal biopsy has some limitations as the typical lesion is focal and can be easily missed in a biopsy fragment. The clinical course of these patients varies from complete recovery of the renal function to permanent graft loss. Statins, acetylsalicyclic acid, and corticosteroids have been used to improve the prognosis. We report a case of primary allograft dysfunction caused by an early and massive atheroembolic renal disease. Distinctive histology is presented in several consecutive biopsies. We evaluated all the cases of our Unit and briefly reviewed the literature. Atheroembolic renal disease is a rare cause of allograft primary non -function but may become more prevalent as acceptance of aged donors and recipients for transplantation has become more frequent.
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Infections during pregnancy are prevalent. A small number of cases, however, may be life-threatening. Sepsis may be associated with multiple organ dysfunction and high mortality and it is one of the most common causes of direct maternal death often associated with the inability to recognize the severity of the illness. Long-term morbidity associated with maternal sepsis is significant and includes chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, bilateral tubal occlusion and infertility. The impact on neonatal mortality is also substantial, with over one million infection-related neonatal deaths eve - ry year. In the last few years, a vast number of clinical reviews of severe sepsis in pregnancy have been published, focusing on the characteristics of pregnant woman, the establishment of a specific treatment and the relevance of pregnancy surveillance by a multidisciplinary team. The treatment of sepsis is time-critical and requires early diagnosis, aggressive resuscitation, antibiotic administration and source control.