Consenso para o Tratamento Nutricional das Doenças do Ciclo da Ureia

Resumo: As doenças do ciclo da ureia são o resultado do défice enzimático de uma das enzimas que compõem a via metabólica de excreção do azoto. Com a excepção do défice na transcarbamilase da ornitina, que está ligado ao cromossoma X, todas as doenças são autossómicas recessivas. A apresentação clínica destas doenças pode ocorrer no período neonatal, durante a infância ou mesmo na adolescência ou idade adulta. A hiperamoniemia, as alterações urinárias e plasmáticas dos aminoácidos e ácidos orgânicos, constituem os principais marcadores bioquímicos das doenças do ciclo da ureia. O tratamento nutricional baseia-se na implementação de uma dieta restrita em proteína natural e suplementada com uma mistura de aminoácidos essenciais. O aporte proteico tem de ser constantemente ajustado em função do controlo metabólico, da avaliação antropométrica e da medicação usada para explorar as vias alternativas de excreção do azoto. A monitorização do estado nutricional assume uma importância crucial no seguimento destes doentes, de modo a melhor aferir as suas reais necessidades, prevenindo a insuficiência proteica, a qual poderá afectar negativamente o crescimento e desenvolvimento.

Curcumin Inhibits Gastric Inflammation Induced by Helicobacter Pylori Infection in a Mouse Model

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection triggers a sequence of gastric alterations starting with an inflammation of the gastric mucosa that, in some cases, evolves to gastric cancer. Efficient vaccination has not been achieved, thus it is essential to find alternative therapies, particularly in the nutritional field. The current study evaluated whether curcumin could attenuate inflammation of the gastric mucosa due to H. pylori infection. Twenty-eight C57BL/6 mice, were inoculated with the H. pylori SS1 strain; ten non-infected mice were used as controls. H. pylori infection in live mice was followed-up using a modified 13C-Urea Breath Test (13C-UBT) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histologically confirmed, gastritis was observed in 42% of infected non-treated mice at both 6 and 18 weeks post-infection. These mice showed an up-regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and MyD88, at both time points. Treatment with curcumin decreased the expression of all these mediators. No inflammation was observed by histology in this group. Curcumin treatment exerted a significant anti-inflammatory effect in H. pylori-infected mucosa, pointing to the promising role of a nutritional approach in the prevention of H. pylori induced deleterious inflammation while the eradication or prevention of colonization by effective vaccine is not available.

Acute Kidney Injury after Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Risk Factors and Outcomes. Proposal for a Predictive Model

Objectives: To characterize the epidemiology and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) after pediatric cardiac surgery in our center, to determine its association with poor short-term outcomes, and to develop a logistic regression model that will predict the risk of AKI for the study population. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included consecutive pediatric patients with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2010 and December 2012. Exclusion criteria were a history of renal disease, dialysis or renal transplantation. Results: Of the 325 patients included, median age three years (1 day---18 years), AKI occurred in 40 (12.3%) on the first postoperative day. Overall mortality was 13 (4%), nine of whom were in the AKI group. AKI was significantly associated with length of intensive care unit stay, length of mechanical ventilation and in-hospital death (p<0.01). Patients’ age and postoperative serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and lactate levels were included in the logistic regression model as predictor variables. The model accurately predicted AKI in this population, with a maximum combined sensitivity of 82.1% and specificity of 75.4%. Conclusions: AKI is common and is associated with poor short-term outcomes in this setting. Younger age and higher postoperative serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and lactate levels were powerful predictors of renal injury in this population. The proposed model could be a useful tool for risk stratification of these patients.