Recalcitrant Leg Ulcers as the Only Manifestation of Essential Type 2 Cryoglobulinemia

Chronic leg ulcers are persistent conditions that might be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, with great impact in health care costs and patients’ quality of life. We report a case of a 60-year-old woman, with long-lasting recalcitrant leg ulcers, which led to left leg amputation 10 years ago. Several attempts to heal the right leg were made, including skin grafting in three different occasions and several surgical debridements, all with unsatisfactory outcome. Some months before the ulcers began, the patient had been diagnosed with undifferentiated connective tissue disease because of arthralgia and positive antinuclear antibodies, therefore low dose systemic corticosteroids and azathioprine were prescribed. For the last 4 years she has been followed in our department and since then no evidence of clinical or laboratorial criteria for autoimmune diseases was found, thus the immunosuppressive therapy was stopped. She maintained ever since a high rheumatoid factor but without other evidence of autoimmune disease. Medical history was otherwise irrelevant. Several cutaneous biopsies were performed, with no evidence of malignancy or vasculitis. Recently, cryoglobulins became positive, with type 2b cryoglobulin identification on immunofluorescence. Serology for Hepatitis C virus was consistently negative, hence an Essential type 2 Cryoglobulinemia diagnosis was established. No renal impairment, vascular purpura, arthralgia or arthritis was found. The authors emphasize the importance of considering less common etiologies for chronic leg wounds, even in the absence of other suggestive symptomatology, as well as the pertinence of reconsidering diagnosis in highly suspect cases.

Leg Ulcers in Antiphospholipid Syndrome Secondary to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin

BACKGROUND: Despite encouraging reports on the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in antiphospholipid syndrome, the clinical value of this treatment is not well established, and most of the data are based on case reports and small series of patients. OBSERVATION: We describe the significant improvement of leg ulcers with IVIg in a 61-year-old female, with diabetes mellitus, venous peripherical insufficiency and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome to systemic lupus erythematosus. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates a rare cause of leg ulcers and documents that IVIg may be an effective adjuvant treatment in the management of selected patients with antiphospholipid syndrome when conventional strategies using subcutaneous heparin and low-dose aspirin are insufficient.

A Transposição Valvular nos Doentes com Úlceras dos Membros Inferiores Consequentes a Síndromes Pós-Trombóticos

Venous ulcers in patients with post thrombotic syndromes are complex situations with multiple therapeutic options. They are responsible for high morbidity rates, conservative treatment is very slow and recurrences are very common. Deep venous reconstructive surgery is an alternative, but it should be based on the morphologic and functional aspects of the venous system and only adopted after a very careful study, including venography. The authors describe a morphological "pattern", found in some of these patients and related to the competence of the saphenous femoral junction, rendering possible to perform a valvular transposition. Seven patients with post thrombotic ulcers who have been treated during the last 6 years in which the pattern already described was detect, underwent a transposition of the superficial femoral vein, to the great saphenous vein and when necessary complemented with skyn grafts. Before the operation all patients had ulcers with more than 3 cm in size (3.2-5.4 cm) and with more than 4 months duration (4-16 months). All ulcers healed in the postoperative period (mean time 28 days). All patients have been reevaluated in 2003 and it was diagnosed the thrombosis of two procedures, one of them with the recurrence of the ulcer who healed with conservative treatment. The authors consider this method as a very easy technique to perform, although rarely used, and a valid alternative in a highly selected group of patients.

Úlceras de Perna em Portugal: um Problema de Saúde Subestimado

To determine the prevalence and aetiology of leg ulceration in a population of patients registered with five health centres within Lisbon, a study was undertaken to identify patients receiving care from community and hospital. Identification of patients was through health professionals, with a simple questionnaire completed for all patients identified who were registered with the five health centres. In 263 patients were identified in a population of 186,000 (total prevalence 1.41/1,000 population). The prevalence was similar between men and women (1.3 and 1.46/1,000, respectively). As expected this was highly age dependent, being most common in patients aged over 80 years (6.5 and 4.9/1,000, respectively). The ulceration was highly chronic in nature, with median ulceration of 18 months. Of the 240 with ulcer duration recorded, 158 (66%) had the present ulcer for longer than one year, and 40 (17%) for longer than five years. The cause of ulceration was unknown to the health professional treating the patient in 86 (33%) of the cases. Of those with a cause, most commonly this was venous (80%) with 10% mixed arterial/venous ulceration and 3% frank arterial disease. Most care was provided by community services, with 145 (55%) treated in health centres and 77 (29%) treated in the patient's home. The mean number of treatments per week was 3.0, with 21 (9%) of patients being seen on a daily basis. Most patients (80%) had seen a specialist doctor for their ulceration, most often a dermatologist (48%) and a vascular surgeon (33%). The prevalence of chronic leg ulceration is similar to other reported studies in western Europe, and indicates that approximately 14,000 patients suffer from leg ulceration at any one time in Portugal. This produces a high burden on both hospital and community services.

Consulta de Úlcera de Perna do Hospital de Santa Marta

Leg ulcers constitute a highly prevalent pathology in society, and are particularly common in the Angiology and Vascular Surgery outpatient clinic. The prevalence of these patients in this Department result from the fact that 70% of them display superficial and/or deep venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. To address this problem and optimize the therapeutic approaches available to the Chronic Leg Ulcer (CLU) patients, the Department of Angiology and Vascular Surgery has created, in March 2005, an appointment specific to CLU patients. An evaluation protocol was developed, including ulcer characterization, standardization of the conservative treatment, followed by surgical intervention, whenever required. The results obtained were evaluated 18 months after the onset of this protocol. Analysis of the results revealed that the majority of the patients responded positively to the new therapeutic approach, with closure of the ulcer in 43% of the patients and a significant improvement detected for an additional 30%. Furthermore, it was observed that a detailed evaluation of these patients should be regarded as a whole, followed by a standardized and targeted approach, resulting in a particularly successful approach on the treatment of this pathology.

Úlceras Esofágicas Idiopáticas em Mulher VIH+: Terapêutica com Talidomida

Apresenta-se o caso clínico de uma doente seropositiva para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH+) com um quadro de esofagite idiopática com excelente resposta à terapêutica com talidomida, associando-se regressão do síndrome febril que se manifestara concomitantemente. O mecanismo de acção da talidomida nestes casos é desconhecido, mas poderá estar relacionado com os efeitos do fármaco sobre o sistema imunitário ou dever-se a um efeito anti-retroviral directo.

Clinical and Bacteriological Survey of Diabetic Foot Infections in Lisbon

AIMS: An epidemiological survey of diabetic foot infections (DFIs) in Lisbon, stratifying the bacterial profile based on patient demographical data, diabetic foot characteristics (PEDIS classification), ulcer duration and antibiotic therapy. METHODS: A transversal observational multicenter study, with clinical data collection using a structured questionnaire and microbiological products (aspirates, biopsies or swabs collected using the Levine method) of clinically infected foot ulcers of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). RESULTS: Forty-nine hospitalized and ambulatory patients were enrolled in this study, and 147 microbial isolates were cultured. Staphylococcus was the main genus identified, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was present in 24.5% of total cases. In the clinical samples collected from patients undergoing antibiotic therapy, 93% of the antibiotic regimens were considered inadequate based on the antibiotic susceptibility test results. The average duration of an ulcer with any isolated multi-drug resistant (MDR) organism was 29 days, and previous treatment with fluoroquinolones was statistically associated with multi-drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of DFIs in our area. Prevalence and precocity of MDR organisms, namely MRSA, were high and were probably related to previous indiscriminate antibiotic use. Clinicians should avoid fluoroquinolones and more frequently consider the use of empirical anti-MRSA therapy.

Ulcerações Dolorosas do Couro Cabeludo

A arterite temporal é um vasculite sistémica que afecta vasos de médio e grande calibre, em particular a artéria temporal. Os autores apresentam o caso de um doente observado por ulcerações extensas e dolorosas da região parieto-temporal direita, com cefaleia hemicraniana homolateral, amaurose fugaz e claudicação mandibular. As artérias temporais eram espessadas, dolorosas e sem pulso à palpação. Analiticamente, registou-se anemia normocítica e normocrómica e velocidade de sedimentação de 63 mm na primeira hora. No exame histopatológico observou-se um processo inflamatório transmural, com células gigantes. O exame oftalmológico revelou compromisso da acuidade visual com maior expressão à direita. Perante o diagnóstico de arterite temporal, instituiu-se corticoterapia com prednisolona 1 mg/Kg/dia. A melhoria clínica foi significativa, embora com persistência das queixas oftalmológicas. Este caso reforça a importância do diagnóstico precoce desta patologia e da sua terapêutica atempada, minimizando a ocorrência de sequelas definitivas.

Laserterapia de Baixa Potência no Tratamento de Úlceras Diabéticas. Um Problema de Evidência

Introdução: A Diabetes Mellitus representa a principal causa de amputação dos membros inferiores, com importantes custos económicos para os serviços de saúde. O principal factor de risco para a amputação é o desenvolvimento de úlceras diabéticas, sendo acompanhada de uma elevada taxa de mortalidade aos cinco anos. A isquemia por afecção do território macrovascular é um factor fisiopatológico essencial no desenvolvimento de úlceras isquémicas. Os tratamentos existentes são prolongados e associados a elevadas taxas de insucesso e recidiva, exigindo a combinação de múltiplas modalidades terapêuticas. A laserterapia de baixa potência tem sido usada como terapêutica adjuvante do pé diabético, desde a década de 60 do século XX, devido aos seus hipotéticos efeitos estimuladores da microcirculação e da reparação tecidular. Material e Métodos: Identificação de estudos científicos publicados através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica da Pubmed, The Cochrane Library e Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Discussão e Conclusões: A evidência existente é favorável para modelos celulares in vitro, mas conflituosa em modelos animais e populações humanas. Existe uma grande heterogeneidade metodológica, que pode ser responsável pelos resultados discordantes. São propostas orientações para estudos futuros neste âmbito, nomeadamente a caracterização detalhada das úlceras e os parâmetros de tratamento com laser. São necessários estudos bem controlados, duplamente ocultos e aleatorizados. Seguindo o primum non nocere, a laserterapia pode ser utilizada como terapêutica adjuvante no tratamento do pé diabético, uma vez que é incruenta, de rápida aplicação e de baixo custo, sem efeitos adversos significativos.

Borderline CD30+ Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Disorder: Report of a Case with Expression of Cytotoxic Markers and Response to Clarithromycin

CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPDs) are usually characterized by a benign clinical course. The prognostic value of cytotoxic markers in these lymphomas has not been evaluated in large series. We describe a case of borderline CD30+ CLPD with cytotoxic phenotype, presenting in a 22-year-old male patient as an ulcer on the forearm. He reported having had similar ulcers on the buttock and thigh that spontaneously regressed over the course of 1 year. The lesion resolved with a single course of clarithromycin; a subsequent lesion, too, responded to clarithromycin, and no recurrences or systemic involvement have been documented in the 9-month follow-up. A conservative approach in the management of CD30+ CLPD is recommended. We believe that the anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of clarithromycin on T cells may have hastened the remission process.

Úlceras de Perna. Opções Diagnósticas e Terapêuticas

As úlceras de perna são uma doença frequente, causadora de grande morbilidade, cujo diagnóstico é por vezes difícil. Dele depende a terapêutica que quando não adequada pode levar a situações graves com risco de amputação. Os autores descrevem as bases que permitem um diagnóstico simples destes quadros assim como a terapêutica médica mais habitual, focando a sua atenção no tratamento local destas lesões.

Úlceras de Perna - Boa Resposta ao Tratamento com Matriz de Colagénio, Celulose Regeneradora Oxidada e Prata

A maior compreensão da fisiopatologia das úlceras de perna tem permitido o desenvolvimento de novas modalidades terapêuticas. As matrizes constituídas por colagénio e celulose regenerada oxidada permitem, através da ligação a proteases, menor degradação da matriz, protecção e estabilização de factores de crescimento favorecendo a cicatrização da úlcera. Doente do sexo masculino, 72 anos de idade, com síndrome metabólica e insuficiência veno-arterial periférica, com úlceras, extensas, de longa evolução, refractárias aos inúmeros tratamentos efectuados, curadas com pensos com matriz de colagénio, celulose regenerada oxidada e prata.

Onychomycosis in Patients with Chronic Leg Ulcer and Toenail Abnormalities

Nails have a limited number of reactive patterns to disease. Accordingly, toenail changes of different etiologies may mimic onychomycosis. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of toenail onychomycosis among patients with leg ulcer and toenail abnormalities attending a dermatology clinic. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted through the analysis of clinical records and results of mycological examination. RESULTS A total of 81 patients were included, with a median age of 76.0 years. Most ulcers were of venous etiology, followed by those of mixed and arterial pathogenesis. The mycological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of onychomycosis in 27.2% of the patients. The etiologic agent was a dermatophyte in 59.1% of isolates in nail samples, while Trichophyton interdigitale was the most frequent fungal species (40.9%). CONCLUSIONS Most toenail abnormalities in patients with chronic leg ulcer were not onychomycosis. This study highlights the importance of systematic mycological examination in these patients, in order to avoid overtreatment with systemic antifungals, unnecessary costs and side effects.