Morbilidade Respiratória e Exposição a Partículas Inaláveis na Cidade de Lisboa

Introdução: Os efeitos adversos das partículas em suspensão na saúde humana expressam-se sob efeitos agudos e crónicos, não existindo nenhum limiar abaixo do qual se considere que a exposição a partículas não origine efeitos na saúde da população. À semelhança de outras capitais europeias, a cidade de Lisboa apresenta elevados níveis de partículas, principalmente nas áreas de maior tráfego. Objectivo: Neste estudo procurou-se analisar os efeitos na saúde humana decorrentes da exposição ambiental a partículas em suspensão na atmosfera (PM10 e PM2.5). Metodologia: O estudo centrou-se nos efeitos das partículas inaláveis na saúde respiratória da população infanto-juvenil residente em Lisboa. Para o efeito, foram caracterizados os níveis de partículas (PM10 e PM2.5) em Lisboa e procedeu-se a uma avaliação da morbilidade respiratória, utilizando métodos indirectos relacionados com a procura e utilização dos serviços de saúde em situação de urgência, tendo como base os atendimentos da Urgência Pediátrica de um Hospital de Lisboa. Resultados: Verificou-se que um terço das urgências pediátricas hospitalares é de natureza respiratória, destacando-se quatro principais patologias: infecção aguda das vias aéreas superiores, infecção aguda das vias aéreas inferiores, asma e pneumonia. Os modelos estatísticos explicativos foram desenvolvidos com vista a aferir as variáveis ambientais mais relevantes para avaliar os impactes da poluição atmosférica por PM na saúde respiratória infantil, identificando-se um desfasamento temporal, de poucos dias, entre as ocorrências de elevadas concentrações de partículas e os efeitos respiratórios. Conclusão: Nestes modelos a temperatura mínima surge como importante variável explicativa, assim como as concentrações de partículas medidas em estações de fundo (mais representativas dos níveis de concentrações de PM de zonas residenciais) em detrimento das estações de tráfego. Foi evidente uma relação entre a zona de residência das crianças com problemas respiratórios atendidas na urgência e as áreas da cidade com maiores níveis de partículas.

Internamento por Malária Importada em Crianças, em Dois Hospitais da Grande Lisboa

Introdução: Apesar de em Portugal não haver malária endógena,a crescente mobilidade das populações e os laços históricos com África possibilitam a importação de casos para o nosso país. O presente estudo pretende contribuir para melhorar o conhecimento epidemiológico e clínico da malária importada na região de Lisboa. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo das crianças com malária, internadas em dois hospitais da Grande Lisboa, durante um período de seis anos (1999-2004). Resultados: Foram identificados 134 casos, sendo a mediana das idades de sete anos. A maioria (93,3%) era de origem africana e referia estadia em região endémica (90%). O Plasmodium falciparum foi o agente etiológico mais frequente (73%). A febre foi a manifestação clínica mais frequente, seguida de manifestações gastrointestinais e cefaleias. Ocorreram complicações em 42% dos doentes, sendo a trombocitopenia (19,4%) e a anemia grave (9%) as mais frequentes. A halofantrina e o quinino foram os anti-maláricos mais usados. Conclusões: A malária importada é uma patologia relativamente comum na Grande Lisboa e, dada a inespecificidade do quadro clínico, todas as crianças febris ou doentes com estadia recente num país endémico devem ser rastreadas para esta entidade.

Clinical and Bacteriological Survey of Diabetic Foot Infections in Lisbon

AIMS: An epidemiological survey of diabetic foot infections (DFIs) in Lisbon, stratifying the bacterial profile based on patient demographical data, diabetic foot characteristics (PEDIS classification), ulcer duration and antibiotic therapy. METHODS: A transversal observational multicenter study, with clinical data collection using a structured questionnaire and microbiological products (aspirates, biopsies or swabs collected using the Levine method) of clinically infected foot ulcers of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). RESULTS: Forty-nine hospitalized and ambulatory patients were enrolled in this study, and 147 microbial isolates were cultured. Staphylococcus was the main genus identified, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was present in 24.5% of total cases. In the clinical samples collected from patients undergoing antibiotic therapy, 93% of the antibiotic regimens were considered inadequate based on the antibiotic susceptibility test results. The average duration of an ulcer with any isolated multi-drug resistant (MDR) organism was 29 days, and previous treatment with fluoroquinolones was statistically associated with multi-drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of DFIs in our area. Prevalence and precocity of MDR organisms, namely MRSA, were high and were probably related to previous indiscriminate antibiotic use. Clinicians should avoid fluoroquinolones and more frequently consider the use of empirical anti-MRSA therapy.

Investigation and Control of a Large Outbreak of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis at a Central Lisbon Hospital

An increase in the number of new cases of tuberculosis (TB) combined with poor clinical outcome was identified among HIV-infected injecting drug users attending a large HIV unit in central Lisbon. A retrospective epidemiological and laboratory study was conducted to review all newly diagnosed cases of TB from 1995 to 1996 in the HIV unit. Results showed that from 1995 to 1996, 63% (109/173) of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from HIV-infected patients were resistant to one or more anti-tuberculosis drugs; 89% (95) of these were multidrug-resistant, i.e., resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Eighty percent of the multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) available for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) DNA fingerprinting clustered into one of two large clusters. Epidemiological data support the conclusion that the transmission of MDR-TB occurred among HIV-infected injecting drug users exposed to infectious TB cases on open wards in the HIV unit. Improved infection control measures on the HIV unit and the use of empirical therapy with six drugs once patients were suspected to have TB, reduced the incidence of MDR-TB from 42% of TB cases in 1996 to 11% in 1999.

The Impact of the Lisbon Football Derby on the Profile of Emergency Department Admissions

BACKGROUND: Variations in emergency department admissions have been reported to happen as a result of major sports events. The work presented assessed changes in volume and urgency level of visits to a major Emergency Department in Lisbon during and after the city's football derby. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Volume of attendances and patient urgency level, according to the Manchester Triage System, were retrospectively analyzed for the 2008-2011 period. Data regarding 24-hour periods starting 45 minutes before kick-off was collected, along with data from similar periods on the corresponding weekdays in the previous years, to be used as controls. Data samples were organized according to time frame (during and after the match), urgency level, and paired accordingly. RESULTS: A total of 14 relevant periods (7 match and 7 non-match) were analyzed, corresponding to a total of 5861 admissions. During the match time frame, a 20.6% reduction (p = 0.06) in the total number of attendances was found when compared to non-match days. MTS urgency level sub-analysis only showed a statistically significant reduction (26.5%; p = 0.05) in less urgent admissions (triage levels green-blue). Compared to controls, post-match time frames showed a global increase in admissions (5.6%; p = 0.45), significant only when considering less urgent ones (18.9%; p = 0.05). DISCUSSION: A decrease in the total number of emergency department attendances occurred during the matches, followed by a subsequent increase in the following hours. These variations only reached significance among visits triaged green-blue. CONCLUSION: During major sports events an overall decrease in emergency department admissions seems to take place, especially due to a drop in visits associated with less severe conditions.

First Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence Study in Portugal: RETINODIAB Study-Evaluation of the Screening Programme for Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In Portugal, so far, there is no study or even accurate data on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), based on a large representative sample and on a long-term follow-up. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of DR based on a national screening community-based programme. METHODS: A 5-year retrospective analysis of the RETINODIAB screening programme results was implemented in Lisbon and Tagus Valley area between July 2009 and October 2014. We estimated the prevalence of retinopathy for all patients with type 2 diabetes and studied the association between known risk factors and retinopathy emergence at their first screening. RESULTS: Throughout this period, from a total of 103 102 DR readable screening examinations, 52 739 corresponded to patients who attended RETINODIAB screening at entry. Globally, DR was detected in 8584 patients (16.3%). Of these, 5484 patients (10.4%) had mild non-proliferative (NP) DR, 1457 patients (2.8%) had moderate NPDR and 672 (1.3%) had severe NPDR. Finally, 971 patients (1.8%) had proliferative DR requiring urgent referral to an ophthalmologist. The presence of any DR, non-referable DR or referable DR was strongly associated with increasing duration of diabetes and earlier age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of DR in our study (16.3%) was slightly lower than other published international data. The RETINODIAB network proved to be an effective screening programme as it improved DR screening in Lisbon and Tagus Valley surrounding area