Multifocalidade e Estereopsia

Introdução: A visão binocular proporciona uma interpretação única e tridimensional do mundo. Objectivo: Comparar a estereopsia dos doentes com de lentes intra-oculares (LIO) multifocais implantadas. Métodos: Os autores realizaram um estudo transversal com 40 doentes, que tinham sido submetidos a facoemulsificação com implante de LIO multifocal bilateralmente (26 Restor, 6 tecnis Multifocal e 8 "Mix & Match"). Estudaram a estereopsia de longe com o Vectograph e utilizaram o "Titmus Stereo Test" para perto, nos 3 grupos. Resultados: No grupo 1 (Restor bilateral: idade média 63,38 anos; 4 doentes do sexo masculino e 22 do feminino) obtivemos 80 a 90% de boa estereopsia; no grupo 2 (Tecnis Multifocal bilateral: idade média 73,67 anos; 6 doentes do sexo feminino) registou-se 100% de boa estereopsia e no grupo 3 ("Mix & Match": idade média 74,25 anos; 2 doentes do sexo masculino e 6 do feminino) obteve-se 50 a 75% de boa estereopsia. Conclusões: Os doentes com lentes intra-oculares multifocais similares implantadas bilateralmente obtiveram melhor estereopsia para perto e para longe.

Characterizing the Risk Profiles of Intensive Care Units

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new method to evaluate the performance of individual ICUs through the calculation and visualisation of risk profiles. METHODS: The study included 102,561 patients consecutively admitted to 77 ICUs in Austria. We customized the function which predicts hospital mortality (using SAPS II) for each ICU. We then compared the risks of hospital mortality resulting from this function with the risks which would be obtained using the original function. The derived risk ratio was then plotted together with point-wise confidence intervals in order to visualise the individual risk profile of each ICU over the whole spectrum of expected hospital mortality. MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We calculated risk profiles for all ICUs in the ASDI data set according to the proposed method. We show examples how the clinical performance of ICUs may depend on the severity of illness of their patients. Both the distribution of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test statistics and the histogram of the corresponding P values demonstrated a good fit of the individual risk models. CONCLUSIONS: Our risk profile model makes it possible to evaluate ICUs on the basis of the specific risk for patients to die compared to a reference sample over the whole spectrum of hospital mortality. Thus, ICUs at different levels of severity of illness can be directly compared, giving a clear advantage over the use of the conventional single point estimate of the overall observed-to-expected mortality ratio.

Development Process and Cognitive Testing of CARATkids - Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test for Children

Background: Allergic rhinitis and asthma (ARA) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the airways that often coexist in children. The only tool to assess the ARA control, the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARAT) is to be used by adults. We aimed to develop the Pediatric version of Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARATkids) and to test its comprehensibility in children with 4 to 12 years of age. Methods: The questionnaire development included a literature review of pediatric questionnaires on asthma and/or rhinitis control and two consensus meetings of a multidisciplinary group. Cognitive testing was carried out in a cross-sectional qualitative study using cognitive interviews. Results: Four questionnaires to assess asthma and none to assess rhinitis control in children were identified. The multidisciplinary group produced a questionnaire version for children with 17 questions with illustrations and dichotomous (yes/no) response format. The version for caregivers had 4-points and dichotomous scales. Twenty-nine children, 4 to 12 years old, and their caregivers were interviewed. Only children over 6 years old could adequately answer the questionnaire. A few words/expressions were not fully understood by children of 6 to 8 years old. The drawings illustrating the questions were considered helpful by children and caregivers. Caregivers considered the questionnaire complete and clear and preferred dichotomous over the 4-points scales. The proportion of agreement between children and their caregivers was 61%. The words/expressions that were difficult to understand were amended. Conclusion: CARATkids, the first questionnaire to assess a child’s asthma and rhinitis control was developed and its content validity was assured. Cognitive testing showed that CARATKids is well-understood by children 6 to 12 years old. The questionnaire’s measurement properties can now be assessed in a validation study.

Avaliação da Morbilidade e Mortalidade no Serviço de Ginecologia da Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa. Jan/Set 1991

Foram avaliados todos os internamentos no Serviço de Ginecologia da MAC de 2 de Janeiro a 19 de Setembro de 1991. O critério de selecção baseou-se no registo de morbilidade intra-operatória e no prolongamento de tempo de internamento. Foram estudados os dados relativos à idade, factores de risco associados, risco anestésico, tipo de intervenção cirúrgica, tempo operatório, tipo de complicações e média de tempo de internamento. Verificou-se uma morbilidade global de 5,6%, tendo-se constatado uma maior incidência de complicações no grupo das histerectomias abdominais (16,8%). Nos casos com morbilidade 72% apresentavam um ou mais factores de risco associados. Ocorreram 5 lesões de órgão (0,73%), 33 complicações pós-operatórias (4,8%) e 7 reintervenções (1%). A média de internamento neste grupo de doentes foi de 11 dias.