Chronic Allograft Dysfunction - Is There a Treatment?

BACKGROUND: The major causes of renal transplant loss are death and chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD). The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of CAD in our population and the relation between allograft survival and immunosuppressive regimens. METHODS: We studied retrospectively 473 patients who received deceased donor kidney transplants with at least 1 allograft biopsy between January 1990 and May 2007. Clinical data included age, gender, biopsy data, and immunosuppression before and after kidney biopsy. Mean age was 45.4 +/- 12.7 years including 65% males with a mean follow-up of 6.7 +/- 4.5 years. CAD was observed in 177 of 473 biopsies: 48 patients showed interstitial fibrosis (IF); 101 chronic rejection (CR); 16 transplant glomerulopathy (TG); and 12, CR and TG. Mean follow-up since the discovery of the histologic feature was 60.5 +/- 50.5 months for IF; 38.3 +/- 40.8 for CR, and 18.2 +/- 19.2 for TG. RESULTS: CAD, which was more common in younger patients (P = .03), correlated upon univariate and multivariate analysis with CKD stage 5d development (P < .001). Deposition of C4d in peritubular capillaries was more frequent among CAD patients (P = .004), an association with particular relevance to recipients with CR (P = .02) and TG (P < .001). When we analyzed CAD subpopulation, we observed a positive correlation between allograft survival and immunosuppression modification after biopsy. Substitution of sirolimus (40/177) was shown in univariate, multivariate and Cox regression analyses to be a renal protector (P < .002). Allograft survival was also correlated with initial mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine, (62/177) immunosuppression (P < .001). CONCLUSION: CAD, a frequent histologic feature, may benefit from sirolimus conversion.

Long-Term and Concentration-Dependent Beneficial Effect of Efavirenz on HDL-Cholesterol in HIV-Infected Patients

AIMS: To investigate the long-term effects of efavirenz on cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). METHODS: Thirty-four HIV-infected patients who commenced efavirenz therapy were monitored for 36 months. RESULTS: In patients with baseline HDL-C<40 mg.dL-1 an increase in HDL-C from 31+/-1 mg.dL-1 to 44+/-2 mg.dL-1 (95% confidence interval 5.9, 21.9, P<0.01) was observed and remained throughout the follow-up period. Median efavirenz plasma concentration was 1.98 mg.L-1 and a direct correlation between percentage of HDL-C variation or TC/HDL-C ratio and efavirenz plasma concentrations was found. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of a long-term and concentration-dependent beneficial effect of efavirenz on HDL-C in HIV-infected patients.

Distúrbios Lipídicos em Crianças com Diabetes Mellitus Insulino-Dependentes

Os distúrbios dos lípidos e das lipoproteínas plasmáticas, frequentes em doentes diabéticos insulinodependentes, contribuem significativamente para o risco cardiovascular elevado que estes indivíduos apresentam. Estudos efectuados em crianças e jovens insulinodependentes, demonstram o aparecimento precoce de alterações no metabolismo lipídico, habitualmente associa das e agravadas por um deficiente controle glicémico. Algumas outras alterações mantém-se presentes em crianças diabéticas, mesmo em condições de bom controle glicémico. Aparentemente, as medidas habituais de optimização do controle metabólico não corrigem todas as alterações do perfil lipídico, induzidas pela Diabetes Mellitus. A hiperglicémia induz a maioria das perturbações verificadas, através da estimulação da síntese hepática de triglicéridos, e pela glicolização e oxidação das lipoproteinas e respectivas apolipoproteinas. A carência em insulina, é responsá vel por alterações adicionais, ao interferir na actividade da lipoproteina lipase. O perfil lipídico, em crianças e jovens insulinodependentes, com deficiente controlo metabólico, tende a ser sobre ponível ao descrito para os diabéticos adultos: elevação significativa de triglicéridos, VLDL-Tg, LDL-Tg, VLDL-Col, Apo B e CIII e diminuição do HDL-Col e da Apo AI. Dada a forte corre lação do controle glicémico com a maioria das alterações lipidicas, mesmo em presença de va lores de colesterol e triglicéridos normais, os doseamentos das apolipoproteinas Apo AI, Apo B 100 e de Apo CIII, parecem ser fieis indicadores do controle glicémico, na criança diabética, e factores de elevado valor predictivo de risco cardiovascular, na idade adulta.