Ondas de Calor. Impacto Sobre a Saúde

Durante o Verão de 2003, a Europa ocidental foi afectada por uma onda de calor sem precedentes, que provocou milhares de mortos. As ondas de calor são fenómenos climatéricos esporádicos mas recorrentes, caracterizadas por períodos de calor intenso, com duração de vários dias, e associadas a aumento da morbilidade e da mortalidade. A principal causa de morte directamente atribuível ao calor é o golpe de calor, mas uma onda de calor provoca um aumento da mortalidade por todas as causas, sobretudo por doença cardiovascular e respiratória. Os estudos epidemiológicos revelam que o excesso de óbitos associado ao calor se concentra em grupos de risco definidos. Os idosos, os doentes crónicos e os indivíduos socialmente isolados são particularmente vulneráveis. O ar condicionado é o principal factor protector contra os efeitos pejorativos do calor sobre a saúde. As ondas de calor têm efeitos sobre a saúde indirectos, determinando a descompensação de uma doença crónica, ou directos, provocando doenças relacionadas com o calor (DRC). As DRC clássicas incluem, por ordem de gravidade crescente, exantemas, cãibras, síncope, exaustão pelo calor e golpe de calor. O golpe de calor é uma emergência médica caracterizada pela instalação súbita de hipertermia e disfunção neurológica central. O tratamento do golpe de calor consiste em arrefecimento corporal imediato e medidas de suporte de funções vitais. Mesmo com terapêutica agressiva, a mortalidade do golpe de calor é elevada e as sequelas neurológicas são frequentes nos sobreviventes. A mortalidade e morbilidade associadas às ondas de calor podem ser prevenidas através da adopção de medidas comportamentais individuais, como a utilização de ar condicionado e o aumento da ingestão de líquidos. O desenvolvimento de sistemas de alerta e planos de intervenção e a redução do stress térmico no ambiente constituem outras medidas adaptativas. No futuro, prevê-se um acréscimo da mortalidade relacionada com o calor devido ao envelhecimento populacional e crescimento da população urbana e ao antecipado aumento do número e da intensidade das ondas de calor determinado pelo aquecimento global. As consequências sanitárias de futuras ondas de calor poderão ser limitadas através de melhoramentos dos sistemas de vigilância e intervenção. É essencial que os profissionais de saúde estejam preparados para reconhecer, prevenir e tratar as DRC e para coordenar esforços com as autoridades locais de saúde.

Stress-Related Mucosal Disease: Incidence of Bleeding and the Role of Omeprazole in its Prophylaxis

BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is the severe complication of stress-related mucosal disease in hospitalized patients. In intensive care units (ICU), risk factors are well defined and only mechanical ventilation and coagulopathy proved to be relevant for significant bleeding. On the contrary, in non-ICU settings there is no consensus about this issue. Nevertheless, omeprazole is still widely used in prophylaxis of bleeding. The objective of our study was to evaluate the relevance of stress-related mucosal disease bleeding in patients admitted to an internal medicine ward, and the role of omeprazole in its prophylaxis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in which we analysed consecutive patients who were admitted to our ward over a year. We recorded demographic characteristics of the patients, potential risk factors for stress-related mucosal disease (clinical data, laboratory, and medication), administration of prophylactic omeprazole, and total cost of this prophylaxis. Patients with active gastrointestinal bleeding on the admission were excluded. We recorded every upper gastrointestinal bleeding event with clinical relevance. RESULTS: Five hundred and thirty-five patients, mean age 70 years, mean length of stay 9.6+/-7.7 days; 140 (26.2%) patients were treated with 40 mg of omeprazole intravenously, 193 (36.1%) with 20mg of omeprazole orally, and 202 (37.8%) patients had no prophylaxis. There was only one episode (0.2%) of clinically relevant bleeding. CONCLUSION: In patients admitted to an internal medicine ward, incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding as a complication of stress-related mucosal disease is low. We found that there is no advantage in prophylaxis with omeprazole.

Iron Overload in a Murine Model of Hereditary Hemochromatosis Is Associated with Accelerated Progression of Osteoarthritis Under Mechanical Stress

OBJECTIVE: Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a disease caused by mutations in the Hfe gene characterised by systemic iron overload and associated with an increased prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) but the role of iron overload in the development of OA is still undefined. To further understand the molecular mechanisms involved we have used a murine model of HH and studied the progression of experimental OA under mechanical stress. DESIGN: OA was surgically induced in the knee joints of 10-week-old C57BL6 (wild-type) mice and Hfe-KO mice. OA progression was assessed using histology, micro CT, gene expression and immunohistochemistry at 8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Hfe-KO mice showed a systemic iron overload and an increased iron accumulation in the knee synovial membrane following surgery. The histological OA score was significantly higher in the Hfe-KO mice at 8 weeks after surgery. Micro CT study of the proximal tibia revealed increased subchondral bone volume and increased trabecular thickness. Gene expression and immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant increase in the expression of matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP-3) in the joints of Hfe-KO mice compared with control mice at 8 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: HH was associated with an accelerated development of OA in mice. Our findings suggest that synovial iron overload has a definite role in the progression of HH-related OA