Mutational Analysis of Portuguese Families with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Reveals Large Germline Deletions

OBJECTIVE: To determine the spectrum of MEN1 mutations in Portuguese kindreds, and identify mutation-carriers. PATIENTS, DESIGN AND RESULTS: Six unrelated MEN1 families were studied for MEN1 gene mutations by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequence analysis of the coding region and exon-intron boundaries of the MEN1 gene. These methods identified 4 different heterozygous mutations in four families: two mutations are novel (mt 1539 delG and mt 655 ims 11 bp) and two have been previously observed (mt 735 del 46p and mt 1656 del C) all resulting in a premature stop codon. In the remaining two families, in whom no mutations or abnormal MEN1 transcripts were detected, segregation studies of the 5' intragenic marker D11S4946 and codon 418 polymorphism in exon 9 revealed two large germline deletions of the MEN1 gene. Southern blot and tumour loss of heterozygosity analysis confirmed and refined the limits of these deletions, which spanned the MEN1 gene at least from: exon 7 to the 3' untranslated region, in one family, and the 5' polymorphic site D11S4946 to exon 9 (obliterating the initiation codon), in the other family. Twenty-six mutant-gene carriers were identified, 6 of which were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of the detection of MEN1 germline deletions in patients who do not have mutations of the coding region. Important clues indicating the presence of such deletions may be obtained by segregation studies using the intragenic polymorphisms D11S4946 and at codon 418. The detection of these mutations will help in the genetic counselling of clinical management of the MEN1 families in Portugal.

STOP Quedas: Programa de Gestão e Controlo das Quedas de Doentes em Ambiente Hospitalar

As quedas têm um impacto na morbilidade e na qualidade de vida do doente, contribuindo para o aumento dos custos dos cuidados de saúde. Dos múltiplos fatores que podem contribuir para as quedas, destaca-se a idade (acima dos 65 anos), o estado mental, a medicação que o doente está a tomar, história de queda anterior e fatores ambientais. O Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central no âmbito da Gestão do Risco monitoriza o indicador “Queda do Doente” desenvolvendo um projeto de gestão e controlo das quedas de doentes, com vista a aumentar a segurança do doente. A monitorização do indicador "Queda do Doente" iniciou-se em 2005 no Hospital de Santa Marta, impulsionado pelo Programa de Acreditação do CHKS e integrado no projeto IQIP. Em 2008 o projeto foi alargado aos 4 hospitais do Centro Hospitalar e o registo do incidente da queda do doente permitiu um maior conhecimento da dimensão do problema evidenciando uma incidência de 1,12% em 2012. O projeto assenta em dois pilares da gestão do risco: avaliação de risco e o relato do incidente. Utiliza-se a escala de avaliação de risco de queda de Morse e com base no nível de risco é definido um plano de prevenção. O incidente de queda é registado no sistema de relato de incidentes on-line e analisado por grupos que promovem ações de melhoria. Desenvolvem-se ainda atividades como a formação dos profissionais, ensino e envolvimento do doente e família e a promoção de um ambiente seguro. O Projeto de gestão e controlo das quedas tem como principais objetivos: - Medir a dimensão do problema associado ao incidente de queda. - Promover as boas práticas na prevenção de quedas do doente. - Identificar fatores de risco e fatores contribuintes associados aos incidentes de quedas dos doentes. - Introduzir ações de melhoria ao nível das práticas e do ambiente físico. - Alertar os doentes/família e os profissionais para as medidas de prevenção das quedas e redução das suas consequências.

A Estenose Intracraniana na Doença das Células Falciformes

O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) pode ter como origem a perturbação da circulação causada por estenose intracraniana. A Doença das Células Falciformes (DCF) é uma doença hematológica grave, mais frequente na raça negra. Caracteriza-se por alterações da configuração eritrocitária, que surge sobretudo na microcirculação, condicionando redução do lúmen arterial e vasculopatia intracraniana, sendo avaliada por Doppler Transcraniano. Avaliação da prevalência de estenose intracraniana e risco de AVC nos doentes pediátricos com DCF, seguidos em consulta de Hematologia dos Hospitais Dona Estefânia e Fernando Fonseca, durante três anos. No período compreendido entre 1 de Janeiro de 2009 e 30 de Novembro de 2011 foram avaliadas 97 crianças e adolescentes (idade <18 anos). Para o diagnóstico de estenose foi usado um Ecógrafo com sonda de 2 MHz realizando o Exame Ultrassonográfico Trancraniano Codificado a Cores (ECODTC). Para análise dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos procedeu-se de acordo com o STOP (Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Anemia) que estratificou intervalos hemodinâmicos para Artéria Cerebral Média, a TAMM (Time-Average Mean of Maximum Velocity), classificando-se assim o risco de AVC em “Baixo ”(< 170cm/s), “Moderado”(170 e 200cm/s) e “Elevado”(>200cm/s). Foram efectuadas reavaliações em 12, 6 a 3 meses ou 1 mês de acordo com os dados encontrados. Os 97 doentes estudados (57 sexo masculino e 40 sexo feminino) tinham idades entre os 2 e os 18 anos (média de 10,07). Ao longo dos três anos documentaram-se 6 doentes com risco Elevado, 16 com risco Moderado e os restantes 75 com Baixo risco para AVC. A prevalência de estenose intracraniana é de 22,3% (risco Moderado e risco Elevado) e de 6,2% para doentes com risco Elevado de AVC. Dos 6 doentes que apresentaram risco Elevado para AVC, 4 iniciaram Regime Transfusional Regular (RTR), 1 foi medicado com hidroxiureia e 1 fez tratamento standard. No período estudado, apenas 1 doente teve AVC, após interromper temporariamente RTR. No grupo de doentes de risco Moderado nenhum sofreu AVC e no de Baixo risco 1 encontrava-se a fazer hidroxiureia e 2 doentes sofreram AVC mas antes de realizarem periodicamente ECODTC, encontrando-se sob RTR. A avaliação por ECODTC permitiu optimizar a terapêutica transfusional e o seguimento dos doentes, tendo como principal objectivo a redução da incidência de AVC e consequentes sequelas neurológicas. Agradecimento Às Unidades de Hematologia Pediátrica do Hospital Dona Estefânia e Fernando Fonseca, pelo envio dos doentes.

Impact of Donor and Recipient Cytokine Genotypes on Renal Allograft Outcome

Allelic differences in gene promoter or codifying regions have been described to affect regulation of gene expression, consequently increasing or decreasing cytokine production and signal transduction responses to a given stimulus. This observation has been reported for interleukin (IL)-10 (-1082 A/G; -819/-592 CT/CA), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta (codon 10 C/T, codon 25 G/C), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (-308 G/A), TNF-beta (+252 A/G), interferon (IFN)-gamma (+874 T/A), IL-6 (-174 G/C), and IL-4R alpha (+1902 G/A). To evaluate the influence of these cytokine genotypes on the development of acute or chronic rejection, we correlated the genotypes of both kidney graft recipients and cadaver donors with the clinical outcome. Kidney recipients had 5 years follow-up, at least 2 HLA-DRB compatibilities, and a maximum of 25% anti-HLA pretransplantation sensitization. The clinical outcomes were grouped as follows: stable functioning graft (NR, n = 35); acute rejection episodes (AR, n = 31); and chronic rejection (CR, n = 31). The cytokine genotype polymorphisms were defined using PCR-SSP typing. A statistical analysis showed a significant prevalence of recipient IL-10 -819/-592 genotype among CR individuals; whereas among donors, the TGF-beta codon 10 CT genotype was significantly associated with the AR cohort and the IL-6 -174 CC genotype with CR. Other albeit not significant observations included a strong predisposition of recipient TGF-beta codon 10 CT genotype with CR, and TNF-beta 252 AA with AR. A low frequency of TNF-alpha -308 AA genotype also was observed among recipients and donors who showed poor allograft outcomes.

How Were Conflicts of Interest Handled?

Conflicts of interest were potentially great but they were minimized by the great conviction from both Doctors and Health Ministry that something had to be done to improve data on perinatal health. To decrease the number of hospitals where deliveries took place, to concentrate doctors, nurses and equipment, to define staff and to acquire equipment and to train nurses and paediatricians was the way. One the point of view of cost-effectiveness, centralization of expensive technologies, and development of expertise concentrating cases in a same centre - Surgery, VLBW, etc- and lowering mortality rates and get better outcomes were clear health gains. In 1989 after the political decision of closing small maternities the committee return to villages and cities to explain to political local power and people, the decision, which kind of care they will have in the future, why and expected gains. Level I hospitals and Health Centers stop to have deliveries; Health Centers were given a great responsibility: the follow up of the most part of the normal pregnancies by GP. There was no economic pressure because the National Health Service is free, there are no economic incentives for obstetrical or neonatal care, hospitals are financed through ICD, hospital level is defined according to both delivery and newborn care. In 1989 the rule was “No results can be obtained without the interested and responsible participation of all – institutions and people”. At that time the emphasis was on training. There are geographic influences on regionalization for example for islands and inner and far geographic areas. Also we would like to emphasize the influence of demographics on regionalization. As birth rate continues to decrease the hospitals left open 20 years ago with more than 1500 deliveries have to be closed now because the number of deliveries decreased. It was much more difficult and unacceptable to close some few maternities now than 20 years ago. All the difference was that at that time reasons were explained and now it was a Minister order. Other fearful events are the opening of private hospitals, the lowering gross national income, the economic difficulties and financial problems.

PROP1 Gene Analysis in Portuguese Patients with Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency

OBJECTIVE: Mutations of the PROP1 gene lead to combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), which is characterized by a deficiency of GH, TSH, LH/FSH, PRL and, less frequently, ACTH. This study was undertaken to investigate the molecular defect in a cohort of patients with CPHD. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: A multicentric study involving 46 cases of CPHD (17 familial cases belonging to seven kindreds and 29 sporadic cases) selected on the basis of clinical and hormonal evidence of GH deficiency, central hypothyroidism and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, in the absence of an identified cause of hypopituitarism. Mutations of PROP1 were investigated by DNA sequencing. Clinical, hormonal and neuroradiological data were collected at each centre. RESULTS: PROP1 mutations were identified in all familial cases: five kindreds presented a c. 301-302delAG mutation, one kindred presented a c. 358C --> T (R120C) mutation and one presented a previously unreported initiation codon mutation, c. 2T --> C. Of the 29 sporadic cases, only two (6.9%) presented PROP1 germline mutations (c. 301-302delAG, in both). Phenotypic variability was observed among patients with the same mutations, particularly the presence and age of onset of hypocortisolism, the levels of PRL and the results of pituitary imaging. One patient presented a sellar mass that persisted into adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of a mutation in the initiation codon of the PROP1 gene and this further expands the spectrum of known mutations responsible for CPHD. The low mutation frequency observed in sporadic cases may be due to the involvement of other unidentified acquired or genetic causes.